Opinion argument for or against Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supposition contention possibly in support - Essay Example give quality training to however many residents as could be expected under the circumstances dismissing their individual idiosyncrasies and empower them to understand their latent capacity. On the off chance that the talented understudies have increasingly potential, they ought to have the option to acknowledge it, and making exceptional classes is by all accounts the most ideal way out. All things considered, there are a few issues to be thought of. The issue of finding some kind of harmony among normalization and individualization when choosing if the kids should concentrate independently or stay in the customary class is one of the most topical: [s]tandardizing the appraisal techniques, substance, and scoring models empowers those not straightforwardly engaged with the organization of the evaluation to comprehend the conditions under which the presentation happened and the standards against which it was scored. Subsequently, normalization is basic if test scores are to be comprehended by anybody not personally proficient about the subtleties of the evaluation systems used to test every understudy. (Hager and Slocum 2005, 55) Be that as it may, as the understudies are for the most part very various, with their own needs and characteristics, singular methodology ought to likewise not be ignored. The No Child Left Behind Act expresses that testing is required for all the American understudies, incorporating the understudies with incapacities. (Hager and Slocum 2005, 54) obviously, the issues of picking a suitable interchange appraisal and the arrangement of the particular programs with a general educational program emerge, alongside the issue of the moral character - that it is so sensible to execute high-stakes testing to the understudies who are less capable contrasted with the rest. As I have referenced toward the start of the paper, however I bolster giving the capable and persuaded kids however much as could reasonably be expected, there are some significant and consuming issues that can settle on this choice out of line and wrong. For me, the explanations behind not setting the skilled understudies into the particular classes lay in various circles. As a matter of first importance, a few understudies who can be assessed as non-talented and who have issues learning, could be the survivors of an abstract assessment - their insight and capacities may be as high as those of the understudies with higher scores, however there is something that keeps them from indicating that (passionate issues, low confidence, troublesome circumstances in the family and other individual issues, and so forth.) There are, in any case, a few issues that are of a progressively convoluted nature. In spite of the fact that means are being taken to accomplish uniformity between the Americans of various sexual orientations, races, and social and monetary foundations, still the issue of disparity is extremely consuming one. It has been demonstrated by scientists that the understudies originating from the groups of higher social and financial foundation get better training in schools, and in this manner they will in general have critical favorable position when contrasted with less fortunate kids. Dark youngsters, among whom the quantity of those originating from poor families is a lot higher than among the white children, have a constrained access to instruction, and along these lines even a

Managerial Finance Final Exam free essay sample

NOTÂ normally viewed just like a hindrance to antagonistic takeovers? (Focuses : 5)| Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Abnormally high official remuneration Targeted share repurchases Shareholder rights arrangements Restricted democratic rights Poison pills | 2. (TCO F) Which of the accompanying explanations is right? (Focuses : 5)| The MIRR and NPV choice measures can never strife. The IRR strategy can never be liable to the different IRR issue, while the MIRR technique can be. One explanation a few people lean toward the MIRR to the normal IRR is that the MIRR depends on a for the most part progressively sensible reinvestment rate suspicion. The weighted normal expense of capital is 13%, and the FCFs are relied upon to keep developing at a 5% rate after Year 3. Accepting that the ROIC is relied upon to stay consistent in Year 3 and past, what is the Year 0 estimation of tasks, in millions? Â Free money flow:â â â â - $15â â â â â $10â â â â â $40 a. $315 b. $331 c. $348 d. $367 e. $386 (TERMINAL VALUE)TV4 = FCF3(1 + g)/(WACC g) = $40(1. 05)/(0. 13 0. 05) = $525 (PV)Value of Operations = -/(1. We will compose a custom article test on Administrative Finance Final Exam or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 13) + $10/(1. 13)2 + ($40 + $525)/(1. 13)3 = $386 5. (TCO G) Based on the corporate valuation model, Bernile Inc.s estimation of activities is $750 million. Its asset report shows $50 million of transient ventures that are random to tasks, $100 million of records payable, $100 million of notes payable, $200 million of long haul obligation, $40 million of regular stock (standard in addition to paid-in-capital), and $160 million of held income. What is the best gauge for the organizations estimation of value, in millions? a. $429 b. $451 c. $475 d. $500 e. $525 Value of value = Value of activities + transient ventures long haul obligation notes payable = $750 + $50 $200 $100 = $500

Our Reading Lives Comic Book Anarchy In The U.K.

Our Reading Lives Comic Book Anarchy In The U.K. I grew up in a small town in England. One of those places that is trapped between much better known towns and cities. If I say the name of the place to someone in England, I’ll be greeted with a blank stare. If I say, “I grew up at junction 9 of the M6,” they’ll know exactly where I mean. They’ve driven past it many times on the way to somewhere else. As much as I love the place, it’s not exactly a cultural Mecca. To be a fan of U.S. comic books while growing up there, in the 80’s and 90’s, meant that I really had to want to do it. Being a casual reader wasn’t an option; It was all or nothing. It was a zeal that trained me well for tracking down Replacements and Uncle Tupelo albums when I was older, but it was never easy. I struggled with reading as a child, and people in my family realized that comics were helping. I come from a family of readers, so they were keen to encourage anything that got me started. Parents and grandparents wouldn’t pass a newsagent (crazy Brit talk for “news stand.”) without buying a couple of comics for me. To begin with it would be British comics, like Dandy, Beano, Whizzer, and Eagle. This would give me stories that ranged from the childish tales of Dennis The Menace and General Jumbo, to the gore filled adventures of Hook Jaw. My grandfather set up subscriptions to some of the Marvel UK titles, such as Thundercats and Transformers. But, no matter how much fun all these titles were, they didn’t have the pull of my real addiction; American Comics. They were smaller, they were bolder, and they had superheroes in them. They were simply better. Adults would regularly buy me the American comics, and luckily all they saw were bright colors and names they remembered from goofy TV shows; they never paid attention to the content. My young brain was warped beyond repair by Frank Miller and Alan Moore. The difficulty came when I started trying to keep track of the books myself; comic shops were not really a thing. The cities had them, sure. The nearest one to me was Nostalgia Comics in Birmingham, eleven miles away. As a child, eleven miles might as well be a million, and travelling there would use up my comic money. I could talk people into driving me there on special occasions, such as birthdays, but otherwise the shop was out of reach for a long time. I think British readers of my age probably had an experience more familiar to older readers in the States, of trying to track down titles in newsagents. There were no pull lists. Nobody in the shop knew anything about the comics. All they saw were flimsy little bits of paper that were too small for the shelves, and would be all jumbled in together on the bottom shelf. To collect these books took effort. It took a real passion and, in an age long before the internet, it was difficult to keep track of the story lines. In the early days it wasn’t all that bad. The comics I was reading would often have self-contained stories or, at most, they would be two and three issues long. I could keep up with those by timing my trips to the shops well, and by rooting through the jumble of titles on the bottom shelf to find the previous issue hiding away at the back. It was a time when you would learn to live with a few gaps in your knowledge, and become expert and learning fast and figuring out what had happened in the missing chapter. U.K. companies like Titan started reprinting the U.S. titles, too. There was a monthly Batman comic, scaled up to British magazine size, that would reprint stories from Detective Comics and Batman. Usually there would be two stories per issue, to fill up the pages. If there was a new character in the story, or some essential part of the Batman mythos, they might include an essay or a fact sheet to fill the reader in. Although I’d read two issues of Batman: Year One as a young boy, it was through the reprints much later that I got to see the whole story. My transition came around the time of Knightfall. All of a sudden, I needed to have every Batman title to keep up with the story, and in the right order. I failed. Badly. I read the first few issues, then I jumped around in the middle, then I had a comic in my hands in which Batman got his back broken and….I had no idea what was going on. But around this time a comic shop opened in Walsall, a town that was only three miles from my front door. I could get the bus there, or -when I wanted to save even more money for the comics- I could walk there. A whole shop dedicated to comics. This was amazing. I could go in weekly and pick up my titles, and rummage through the back issue boxes. I could meet like-minded readers and get into arguments. Once I was immersed in the culture, I started making the longer and more expensive train trips to Nostalgia Comics in Birmingham. Stepping into that world took me beyond the limited choices of the newsagent shelf. I learned that comics were about far more than superheroes. I could get hooked on Hellblazer and Sandman. I was in the right place at the right time, shortly after that, to start reading Preacher (but thats a story for another time.) I was all set. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Drugs Of The World - 1982 Words

The Drugs Of The World Drugs have been around for many centuries whether it is used for medicine or for spiritual purposes. There are many drugs in the world that many people do not know about and there are many that everyone knows about. Drugs are mysterious. They can be disguised in almost any form. They come in a simple and natural form also known as nature. Plants around the world have chemicals that soothe pain. These substances were once thought to be â€Å"a gift from heaven†, but now, most people think of them as dangerous. At one point, these drugs were legal but today it’s a war on drugs. Marijuana is the most popular drug in the world and also the oldest. It was first discovered in Ancient China and then migrated to the rest of the world. Smoking pot draws the active ingredient, which is THC. This comes from the cannabis plant. The THC goes into the lungs and then into the brain. Within the first four seconds of the first drag, muscles relax, there is lack of coordination, eyes redden, pulse quickens and there might even be uncontrollable laughter. Marijuana is the oldest medicine. It’s used for cancer and AIDS patients, menstrual pains, stomach pains, and glaucoma. Once the 1920’s came, marijuana was sold everywhere and it cheap since booze was banned. New Orleans was the first place to predict that marijuana brings violence and crime. In 1924, began the ban of marijuana for non-medical reasons. In the 1930’s when the Great Depression hit, people were more focusedShow MoreRelatedThe Drugs Of The World2094 Words   |  9 Pages The Drugs of the World Abigail Corral PIMA Medical Institute 01/06/2016 The Drugs Of The World Drugs have been around for many centuries whether it is used for medicine or for spiritual purposes. There are many drugs in the world that many people do not know about and there are many that everyone knows about. Drugs are mysterious. 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Nathianel Hawthorne stereotype the angel of the house - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3078 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Literature Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Tags: American Literature Essay Novel Essay Short Story Essay Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Nathianel Hawthorne was an American writer of novels and short stories who lived between 1804 and 1864 (Hawthorne 2). Most of his writing was centered on New England featuring majorly on moral metaphors with an anti-puritan inspiration. His works were fictions with more emphasis on dark romantic (Boonyaprasop 15). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nathianel Hawthorne stereotype the angel of the house" essay for you Create order In his writings, he brought out the theme of the immanent evil sin of humanity. His works were heavily loaded with moral messages and deep psychological complexity. In his works, he focused on gender injustices that were deep rooted in the society and which needed to be amended. He criticized the mistreatment of women by the society and social stereotypes that existed and whose main agenda was to advance gender inequalities. Nathianel was well versed with knowledge of the society. He was living in and used every means possible in his works to point out the evil deeds that existed. In his publications, a major way of conveying his message was the use of the stereotype, ?angel of the house. During his time, women were under intense ideological pressure to perform as ?angels in the house. This pressure created a notion in women to feel psychologically abnormal (Hawthorne 2). However, some women were against feminized cultural heartmaking, headmaking and bodymaking. They argued that t he pathologizing of women was destructive. In the context of the stereotype the angel was censored not of sin, sorrow, decay, and decay, but of life. Hawthorne uses the angel to refer to women and likens her to estranged workers who hardly played a role in influencing their conditions of labor. His cultural symbolism compels readers to re-surmise the broad psychological gender relations that according to him are connected to larger social, industrial and class relations that fabricate both ideological and emotional needs for plainly ordered sex roles. In his work, he insinuates that gender self scrutiny of a kind was vital because it played a major role in the social construction of a systemic power and emotional life possible (Hawthorne 20). Hawthorne constantly insisted that women could stand against the psychological intimidation that they suffered in the hands of the society. Evidently, he criticizes the argument by Hester a philosopher that some sectors of the social powe r and terms such notion as vague (Hawthorne 50). He believes that an inner self of the women would redefine the female essence in the society. Hawthorne maintained that emotional attachment of women to restorative angelhood and motherhood restrained them from further exhaustive theorizing and action. In his work, The Artist of the Beautiful, Hawthorne makes tremendous contributions to the cultural theory of subjectivity formation. He prompts readers to put into consideration the historical rationale and needs of romantics who attempt to use culture to construct what in their imagination is spirit. Hawthorne further uses other symbols like beauty to depict the subjectivity of women in the society by trying to show how beautify were just but a mere aspect in the society. He insisted that the artisans education in the field of science and drawing was their pathway to self-making, dignity, self-control and accomplishment of his civic and national responsibility (Hawthorne 4). Hawthor nes tales to some extent seemed to advocate for an important or general selfhood. However, they provoked readers to visualize gender, individuality and interiority as being the products of class-identity machinery. In his works, he insisted that the social classes in the society ought to be addressed from an individual based scrutiny (Hawthorne 9). This would grow an inner self positive perspective whose impact would be the creation of the awareness of self responsibilities and rights in the society. The product of such self searching and understanding would be the decoration of the middle class with individuality. He made use of butterfly and butterfly maker in his work. The butterfly maker is responsible for refashioning and reassembling of the butterfly in the event of its breakdown. The butterfly maker resembles the author or the artist while the butterfly represents the morals of the society. The author or the artist is mandated with the moral obligation of redefining the value s and perceptions, an industrial society that had persistently disregarded some arts as useless, fatuous and unprofitable. This was symbolic of the possibility of reconstructing the social harmony of the gender issue. He further suggested that the author can only overcome the attempts by the industrial world to destroy this reconstruction if they developed and exercised the cultural power to create new meaning and importance of the worth of not only the creation but also of the endeavor (Jarenski 20). The artist must stand by his faith and against mankind if the reconstruction is to be realized. Hawthorne lived at a time when gender injustices were highly embraced in America. He used the stereotype ?angel of the house because it directly addressed women in her society. For instance, his critique of Hesters perception about the gender injustice transformation as hopeless was propelled by his unrelenting efforts to change the status quo. In his relaying of ideologies and suggestion s of cultural selfing and innerselfing, he demonstrated historical personal relations, emotions and bodies to people in his society (Bennett 12). He wrote during the period when Indians were being removed from east to west, imperialist war against Mexico and the mounting protests against slavery. He majored on a scrutiny on the situation of natives as these were his kinsmen. He linked the construction of emotions, self-images and social power Hawthorne grew in a financially challenged family and understood the injustices that socially low-ranked people in the society experienced (Hawthorne 69). This added to his attachment of the mission of advocating restructuring of gender injustices. His close friends showered him with praises terming him as a man with exemplary virility famous for his ?military self-command. This further confirmed his connection to people in his life and the values and perceptions he advocated for. However, in his last days he wrote about having lived all alone in his early life without akin and yet yearning to be connected to somebody (Bennett 16). He lived a life of going against the social norms of the day (masculinity). It haunted him as it was unreal to the world he lived in yet it established an imposing record of manly attainment. Adam and eve parallel in relation to Hawthornes two works John Miltons paradise lost is one of the best epic poems ever written in history. The poem is based on the fall of man the trickery and the Events surrounding the fall. The first version of the poem was published in 1667 which constituted a collection of ten books with over ten thousand verses therein. However, in the year 1674, a second edition of the book was edited which constituted a few revisions based on 12 books (Lewalski 40). The book basically is considered as one of Miltons major works which clearly discusses on some issues which Hawthorne wanted to address in his works. The poem mainly focuses on the events which followed the fall of man in the garden of Even. Characters under consideration are Adam and Eve and their life in the garden. In addition, Satan and the temptations imposed on Eve are clearly outlined in the poem. The books main purpose is clearly stated by Milton which is justifying the ways of GOD to men. Miltons story has two perspectives, one relates to S atan and the other on Adam and Eve. The story originates from the period when Satan together with other angels who were his accomplices are defeated and chased from heaven. According to the book, the specific term used is that they were sent to hell which is referred to as Tartarus (Shumaker 78). While in what is referred to pandaemonium, Satan is seen as having continued his rebellion practice by gathering followers. He is supported by other evil angels who were also present at the time. After the lengthy discussion in the evil kingdom, Satan volunteers to pose challenges in the newly created world and eventually the garden of Even. The aforementioned challenges were to be achieved by corrupting the mind of mankind. In Miltons poem, angelic war is described from a few perspectives. According to the poem, the war between faithful angels and Satan angels took place in a period of three days (Shumaker 90). However, after the three days Satans angels together with him were defeated by the son of God and eventually sent away from heaven. Following this incidence, God decided to create the world. The world was created through a word of mouth from God who usually used the words let there be. After creation of the world, God saw that it was better to create mankind to live in it. As a result, he created Adam. Adam stayed in the garden alone and took care of the garden including the animals in it. During this entire period, God saw that Adam was lonely and needed a companion. It was at this time that God decided to create a helper for him. According to the Bible, God made Adam to fall into a deep sleep. It was during this time that he removed one of Adams ribs and from it Eve was created. Although God gave them the authority to watch over the creation, they were not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge between good and evil. The bible story on Adam and Eve on the temptations and fall of mankind is clearly a new epic which can be categorized as domestic. In relation to the book, they are represented as having a type of relationship which was considered as romantic. Despite having this type of relationship, they are noted to have had no sin. According to Lewalski (40), they had distinct personalities which are expected between different human beings. During their stay in the garden, Satan in form of serpent shows up and persuades Eve with certain ideologies in relation to the fruit of knowledge. The serpent manages to convince Eve to eat the fruit and decides to take some of the fruit to Adam. Due to their nature of relationship, Adam on learning that Eve has sinned also decides to commit the same sin. Adam claims that since Eve was created from his flesh if she dies they must die together. According to Milton, the actions of Adam outline him as a heroic figure. Moreover, Adam is described as a greater sinner compared to Eve since he knowingly commits sin. After eating the fruit, Adam and Eve are said to have had lustful sex. During this time, they reached a point where they were almost convinced that eating the fruit was the rightful thing. Shortly after all these actions, they fell into a deep sleep and had nightmares. On waking up, they realized that they were naked. In addition, they discovered that they had sinned and were ashamed to face God. After convincing Adam and Eve to sin, Satan returned to hell where he was received in what is referred to as a triumphant way (Shumaker 98). To him convincing them to sin is an achievement since he was satisfied that the actions would lead to the fall of man. Meanwhile, Adam and Eve after realizing their mistake they decided to approach God for forgiveness. The idea was brought by Eve who managed to convince Adam of the necessary actions to take. Following their actions, they were eventually cast out of the Garden of Eden and they received punishment from God. Eve was given the punishment of bearing pain while giving birth (Coale 30). On the other hand, Adam was to e at his sweat which meant that in his entire life he had to struggle. The serpent was not spared the punishment and was to crawl in his entire life without legs. Both, Miltons paradise lost and Hawthornes birth-mark, have similar concepts. It is important to note that, one of the common similarities in both books is the relationship between man and woman. In birth-mark, Georgina is noted to love her husband and she is willing to take the risk of removing the mark on her cheek (Marsh 723). Despite her knowing the possible consequence which is death, she decides to go on with the process. The aforementioned action clearly shows the type of bond between man and human and their ability to influence each other. In addition, the books clearly show a situation in which mankind is dissatisfied with the original beauty. It is clearly noted when Georgina tries to remove the birthmark in order to perfect her beauty (Hawthorne 100). Moreover, the same type of bond between man and woman is clearly seen in paradise lost. Adam and Eve according to the poem are said to have a romantic relationship. Once Eve is deceived by the serpent and eats the tree of knowledge, the action clearly shows mankinds dissatisfaction and shows how man yearns for perfection. After Adam knows Eve has eaten the fruit, he opts to also eat the fruit despite knowing the consequences. The bond between man and woman is clearly seen when Adam says that Eve was created from his flesh and they should die together. Trying to play God through science in Hawthornes two works In addition, the short story Rappacccinis Daughter there is a love story about young man which can be seen and he is determined to be with his beloved even though the fact remains that she is poisonous (Benton et al 15). The underlying theme of science arises when examining the text. Science was rapidly evolving during the period in which this piece was written. All biological sciences must be employed at the analytical level thus they should go a taxonomic stage since their data must be put in order. Rappacccinis Daughter by Nathaniel Hawthorne utilizes Rappaccinis unrelenting pursuit of knowledge that causes the tragic loss of his daughter(Schummer 160). This was to display destructive and productive powers of scientific discovery which in the 18th century is when it evolved into the American society. Geovanni is the young man who is the main character and in the short story, it is clearly indicated he madly in love with Beatrice who is the daughter of the mysterious Dr. Rappaccc ini. The scientist has a magnificent garden of poisonous plant that could not be produced by nature. He had his daughter who handled them and at long last led to him becoming poisonous herself. Professor Baglioni who was her teacher warned her that Dr. Rappacccini is known to use science to do unnatural things. But as for Rappacccini, it is said of him and me, who know the man well, can answer for its truth which he cares infinitely more about science than mankind. To carry out his relentless quest, he was willing to sacrifice his own daughter for the ability and knowledge to control the nature. The theme of trying to play with God through science in Hawthornes two works proves that science won big victories against entranced religious dogma over the 19th century. Remains in Neanderthal in Belgium discovered by Gibraltar and Germany indicated that humans were not the only hominids to occupy the earth. Remains and fossils of extinct plants and animals further demonstrated that flo ra and fauna evolve, live for millennia and sometimes die off and afterward ceding their place on the planet to come up with adapted species and that can happen through science. Claims have made and proved by scientist that earth is not thousands but billions of years old as some theologians had calculated based on counting generations back to the biblical Adam. The literal interpretation of scripture was defeated by all these discoveries. From the beginning of the 20th-century modern science proved there no God. Science is an amazing and wonderful undertaking which teaches issues about life, the universe and world. With all that according to Hawthornes two works, it does not reveal to us why the universe came into existence or what had preceded its birth in the Big Bang. The history concerning how living organism emerged from inanimate matter is not brought to slightest understanding by biological evolution. Moreover, science has not disapproved God despite that the scientist ha ve tried to come up with discoveries like usage of special pendulum who circular motion display the planet rotation. Discoveries done by geologist indicated that in the same century there was devastation of young earth hypothesis. Based on counting generations back to the biblical Adam, some theologians have calculated and found that earth is billion and not thousands years young. In Nathaniel Hawthorne two works, all these discoveries defeated literal interpretation of the scripture. Even though modern science seems amazing, it has some failures as we try to capture the features of the entire universe. For instance some question can be raised which science have failed totally to answer (Benton et al 7). Science itself has failed to explain the greatest mysteries. Question like how did consciousness arise in living things? This question lacks sufficient answer from the knowledge we derive from science. On biblical explanation it is true that God he is the entire creator of everyt hing including the universe which usually challenges the human beings understanding despite their possession knowledge from science. There is contradiction when we want to respond to some question which seems to be beyond human understanding. Such question includes, where do self-awareness and symbolic thinking come from? Other question which can be raised to hinder the knowledge of science can be, what enables us create works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Work Cited Bennett, Paula.? Poets in the Public Sphere: The Emancipatory Project of American Womens Poetry, 1800-1900. Princeton University Press, 2003.pp9-20 Benton, Matthew A., John Hawthorne, and Yoaav Isaacs. Evil and evidence.? Oxford studies in philosophy of religion? 7 (2016): 1-31. Boonyaprasop, Marina. A Forest Walk-The Concept of Nature in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter. (2010).pp10-25 Coale, Samuel.? The Entanglements of Nathaniel Hawthorne: Haunted Minds and Ambiguous Approaches. Camden House, 2011.pp27-40 Hawthorne, Nathaniel.? The birth-mark. Booklassic, 2015.pp1-121 Jarenski, Shelly.? Narrating vision, visualizing nation: The American nineteenth century after 1839. Loyola University Chicago, 2007pp17-26 Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer.? Paradise Lost and the Rhetoric of Literary Forms. Princeton University Press, 2014. Pp34-90. Marsh, Clayton. Hawthornes Distillery: Time and Temperance in The Birth-Mark and Other Tales.? American Literature? 88.4 (2016): 723-753. Schummer, Joachim. ?Are You Playing God?: Synthetic Biology and the Chemical Ambition to Create Artificial Life.? HYLE–International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry? 22 (2016): 149-172. Shumaker, Wayne.? Unpremeditated Verse: Feeling and Perception in Paradise Lost. Princeton University Press, 2015.pp78-98

The Rise of Christianity †Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion Free Essays

If the Gospels are accurate in reporting that God sent Jesus to earth, what did Jesus come to earth to do? What was his mission? Let’s briefly consider a few of Jesus’ own statements about why he came. How better to discover his mission than to hear what he himself had to say about it? â€Å"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets,† he said, thus endorsing the teaching of the entire Old Testament. â€Å"I have not come to abolish them, but to fulfill them† (Matthew 5:17). We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of Christianity – Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jesus came to â€Å"fulfill† the Old Testament, in part, by living in complete obedience to God. Although he faced the same temptations that stalk us, it is written that he never sinned once. That’s why he could become the perfect sacrifice for every nation’s sins, as the Bible tells us: â€Å"God made him who had no sin [Jesus] to be sin for us, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God† (2 Corinthians 5:21). The Christian message is not merely about eternal life some day, after we die, in some far-off heaven. It is about living life to the maximum right here and right now. There really is no other way to take Jesus’ words: â€Å"The thief comes only to steal and kill and destroy; I have come that they may have life† (John 10:10). In the era that Jesus walked the Earth in, we can imagine the Roman Empire. The Roman government practiced syncretism, accepting that all religious beliefs, philosophical teachings, and government systems are ultimately compatible, or a reflection of, a larger system – the Roman system. They practiced one of the first â€Å"one country, two systems† policies – pronouncing that all people had religious freedom, political freedom, and freedom of thought, yet maintaining strict control. The Jews held much distrust and often hatred for the Roman Empire – they were unwilling subjects. At the time of Jesus’ birth, the local Roman ruler, King Herod had initiated a massacre of all Jewish baby boys born at the time. Such actions added more reasons for Jewish resentment of the foreign Roman government. The Jews understood the world to be divided into two types of people: Jewish and Gentile (non-Jew). The Jews worked hard to disassociate themselves from the Gentiles. King Herod employed many laborers by commissioning many public works (e. g. building temple in Jerusalem, palaces, ports, fortresses, stadiums, ornate stone carvings, etc. ) There was a very large disparity between rich and poor. Jesus approached the scene with the proclamation that he had come to dispatch the difference between rich or poor, Gentile or Jew, and sinner or saint. While accumulating followers, others opposed his ministry with the belief that he was gaining fame all for the sake of wanting to be seen as God Almighty. All the same, Jesus never stated or claimed to be God. He did ,nonetheless ,claim to be the son of God. It is true that Jesus never said, â€Å"I am God† directly. However, most of His teachings were done through parables, and not by direct statements. His disciples asked Him why He taught this way. His answer was: â€Å"To you it has been granted to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been granted. For whoever has, to him shall more be given, and he shall have an abundance; but whoever does not have, even what he has shall be taken away from him. Therefore I speak to them in parables; because while seeing they do not see, and while hearing they do not hear, nor do they understand. † (Matthew 13:11-13) Along with witnessed miracles performed, his technique and approach reeled in crowds of all kinds of denominations. Some may hold the opinion that he hoodwinked desperate believers by using magic or tricks to allure them into his ministry. Others were awfully intimidated by Jesus and his prophecies , thus forth came his crucifixion. Even after death, there was still more to come. â€Å"Don’t be alarmed,† he said, â€Å"You are looking for Jesus the Nazarene, who was crucified. He has risen! He is not here. See the place where they laid him. † (Mark 16:6) The book from the evangelist Mark records that after three days, Jesus Christ arose from his grave and ascended back to Heaven to reunite with his father, God Almighty. After death and acclaimed resurrection, many still testified to spiritual and physical encounters with Jesus. One person who can testify to this is the apostle Paul. Apart from Jesus, Paul is the most significant figure in the development of early Christianity. He has profoundly influenced such monumental figures as Augustine, Luther, and Calvin. Of the 27 books of the New Testament, thirteen are attributed to Paul. Luke tells us in Acts 9 that Paul was on the road to Damascus when he saw a light from heaven and heard a voice saying, â€Å"Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?† Paul responds, â€Å"Who are you, Lord? † and the reply came, â€Å"I am Jesus whom you are persecuting. † Paul was blind for three days, and then his site was restored when Ananias laid hands on him. This story is not in Paul’s own writing, although Paul does tell us something of his conversion experience (See Gal. 1. 13. -16; 1 Cor. 15. 3-9). In one way or another, it seems that Paul believes that he received a revelation of the risen Christ. Whatever happened, it completely changed Paul’s life, and he went from being a persecutor of Christians to the greatest missionary of the early church. Paul’s influence of early Christianity was one of great measure. Paul was the author of many writings that were written during his imprisonment of an estimated six to seven years in Rome. During this period of time Paul authored books in letters to all churches holding different denominations with instruction and inspiration to motivate and minister to his readers about following the teachings of Christ and repenting their sins to God through prayer and worship. The Bible does not tell us how or when the apostle Paul died, and history does not provide us with any information. The only thing we have to go on is Christian tradition, which has Paul being behead in Rome, around the mid 60s A. D. , during the reign of Nero. His role in Christianity has resulted in giving him the title â€Å"The Founder of Christianity†. Just as Paul was captivated by his experience with Jesus many others also became believers because of their experiences. Recorded in the book according to the evangelist Luke, there was a woman with the inability to stand straight up (a condition referred to as stooped ) who meets Jesus on a Sabbath Day (A Saturday supposedly) in one of the synagogues of the city he was then in. Although the Law of Moses states that the Sabbath is a day of rest; Jesus heals this woman of her condition and she is then enabled to stand upright without unease and strain. Jesus is said to have opposed many rules and laws through his miracles, but nonetheless continued to heal and preach to many whether the situation and timing was convenient or not ; gaining many followers in the process of doing so. In response to the question of whether or not Jesus was setting out to form his own religion; it is my opinion that that is a misconception to say so. Jesus, in my perspective, was set on saving lives and teaching sinners to follow God and repent their sins so that they could join he and his father in Heaven. It will most likely always be someone’s opinion that Jesus had other motives behind his healing and ministries, however the revealing of the truth is yet to arrive to us. Was he our messiah or our magician? You decide. How to cite The Rise of Christianity – Did Jesus Want to Start a New Religion?, Papers

Kababji grill case study free essay sample

Customer satisfaction: What products/services do customers want, The price, quickness of service, and atmosphere of a restaurant affect restaurant customer satisfaction. In addition of that quality of both food and service are the most important factors satisfy customer. * Forecasting: By Predicting timing and volume of customer demand, restaurant using forecasting for placing purchase orders for food, and supplies. For example restaurateurs often use forecasting to estimate the necessary purchase quantities of various food-related items. Capacity planning: By Matching supply and demand, and how efficient restaurant use of resources to provide satisfactory service levels to users and attain success. For example number of tables and seating capacity also the number of meals served per day. In addition to that the efficiency on the handling schedule difficulties , product mix and quality factors such as ( facilities, products, service process and human resources ). * Location: By Determining the location of facilities, choice of location is one of main factor impact on the success or failure of the restaurant. We will write a custom essay sample on Kababji grill case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is a surrounding factors could impact such as the demographics. kababji prefer to situate its branches at strategic locations, primarily in high traffic locales on main roads with easy access to major residential areas. * Inventory management: By Meeting demand requirements while managing costs, and it is one of responsibilities a good restaurant manager is do . most of managers are doing weekly inventory. Which are counting every single item that comes in kitchen week after week , in order to find ways to control the costs and finding out which food is being used or waste so that you can order just the right amount next time. Layout: Costs, flexibility, skill level needed, capacity, and the style is clean lines of dark wood and stainless steel, branches usually adopt a product-focused layout in order to maximize capacity during busy periods. Seating in a standard branch is allocated between tables for two or four people, which can be assembled to accommodate larger groups. The back of house stations are grouped together, except for the drink station which may be placed closer to the customer area. * Scheduling: Flexibility, efficiency, production, deciding which components to make and which to buy.

#FreelancerFriday #4 - Belinda Jones, Editor

#FreelancerFriday #4 - Belinda Jones, Editor #FreelancerFriday #4 - Belinda Jones, Editor â€Å"You have to keep thinking, keep interrogating the text: ‘Is this keeping the flow well? Is it convincing me?† If something sounds a bit hollow or a bit flat, you’ve got to flag it up.â€Å"With a 15-year career – so far – behind her, Belinda Jones has worked on everything from commercial and literary fiction, to historical non-fiction and celebrity memoir. We talked about her start as an editor, the recent YA resurgence, and the need to be sensitive when dealing with author comments.–REEDSYHow did you find yourself starting out as an editor?BELINDA JONESLooking for work after university, I did a correspondence course with Chapterhouse to get going with the proofing symbols and that sort of thing. I got to London and, to gain what experience I could, I took on part-time work with Virgin Publishing – in the rights department, strangely enough. The agreement was that if they were going to have me for  £50 a week, the editorial dep artment would use me for editing work. That worked out quite well – I was able to build up a good foundation of freelance editing work at the time just by being there and obviously working as well (mornings only, but that was the deal).As ever, it’s about building up a CV for experience.REEDSYWhat sort of books were you working on when you started out?BELINDA JONESI was hoping you wouldn’t ask that†¦ I first worked on gentle ‘erotica’ – you can imagine my parents’ delight. It was well paid, I have to say, and got some very good dialogue practice going on. It’s interesting when people ask how you train as an editor. I think you have to have a natural leaning towards it; I’m not sure its something you can actually learn to do. In the same way that some people are natural mathematicians, natural tennis players, I’d say editors have to have a natural aptitude. And if you’re getting experience, it probably d oesn’t matter what you’re editing so long as you’re honing those skills and getting feedback.I was incredibly lucky in my career to freelance with Reader’s Digest. The woman who took me on has become a sort of guru to me. Everything I’ve learned I would put down to her. She said at the beginning: "You have this natural aptitude. That’s great, we can work with that,† and that was why I was taken on by them. There’s no doubt that if you’re working with someone who’s very good at their job with high, exacting standards, you will raise your game accordingly. I think good editors are people who have those exacting standards, and possibly a bit of OCD as well – when you want to track down that  last potentially blurred fact that might have slipped away, or the niggling somethings that are not quite right†¦ Natural aptitude plus a little bit of OCD probably makes someone the ideal editor.REEDSYWhat’s the importance of working with an editor who’s not just technically trained, but experienced?BELINDA JONESExperience leads to confidence. When you start out you think you’re expected to know it all when, of course, you can’t possibly. I think that’s a mistake all young people make starting out, thinking that you have to hit the ground running. Sit back, take your time, learn from your boss. I’ve been doing this for 15 years and I’m pretty aware that I do a good job because I have the experience that’s needed to do that. As a result that’s very much become a confidence thing. Often, in-house, you don’t receive too much feedback because people are simply too busy to do it. You might get a quick â€Å"That’s great, thanks so much, we’ll work with you again in a month’s time.† You can ask for feedback, of course, but it’s something I’m reluctant to do – busy people don’ t have time to spoon-feed you. If I do ask for feedback, it will be from someone for whom I’ve not worked before, and will be about how I could do better next time. And that builds up over the years, of course – improving your work.REEDSYAs a freelancer, do you work directly with the author or via the publisher?BELINDA JONESI mainly work via the in-house editor, who will usually ask me to work in Track Changes, but more and more my comments are going directly to the author for me and them to discuss, rather than via in-house to be checked first. You have to be very diplomatic with the comments that you use – you’ve got to have an appreciation that this is the author’s baby that they’ve been working on for however long. Your comments have to be well structured, and you always need to back up a bit of text you’ve changed with the reason why. Put yourself in their position – how would you feel if you’d been working on somet hing for anything from 6 months to x number of years, and then someone you don’t know from Adam tells you to change this, this and this.You learn to be sensitive about this with experience. It isn’t pointed out or ‘taught’. You learn it yourself the more you do the work. The comfier, more confident in the work you do you are, the more you can think about what the author would be wanting, or needing rather, to hear back from you.REEDSYOne editor we spoke to recently described the work of an editor by saying that the client isn’t the author, but the reader   – that the editor is mediating the concerns of both. Is that similar to how you work?BELINDA JONESI agree with that. When I’m working I put on my reader’s hat. I’m a reader, so I’m at home on the sofa or sitting on the train, I’ve bought this book and I want to enjoy it. In other words, you’re editing to make it the most effortless read possible. You’re smoothing flow, polishing any clunky or bumpy bits; you’re saying, â€Å"Hold on a minute, what you’ve said about that character on page 114 is not what was said about that character on page 23.† I hate it when I come across something like that in books I’m reading for pleasure – it blows the whole thing. But of course, at the same time you’re working for the author. I find 'keeping the author sympathetic’ is another good phrase. As the editor, I would say your job is to make sure the author comes across as a reasonable person, certainly an authoritative writer whom the reader can trust. You have to balance both these things.REEDSYWhat are some projects you’ve enjoyed recently?BELINDA JONESLiterary fiction will always be my first love to work on. Young adult fiction too, I think, has immense potential, which is being tapped both convincingly and unconvincingly at the moment. Fiction all the way, generally, for me! I’ve done plenty of non-fiction which can be very good too, especially when it’s historical, but there’s a huge difference between working on fiction and non-fiction. When you’re an editor for non-fiction, you absolutely have to fact-check everything, especially when it comes to a celebrity autobiography.REEDSYWhat do you love about YA?BELINDA JONESI think it’s such a wonderful crossover between the youngish readers and the fairly precocious readers, right up into adulthood. The Hunger Games, for example – hasn’t that done well? Both for the books and the box office, with teens and adults alike. I actually belong to a book club of adults who read YA fiction and then critique it fiercely in the pub afterwards! We’ve read some stinkers, of course, and that just makes me want to die – it’s such an important time for readers to be encouraged to keep reading. If you’re coming across horrendously clichà ©d work you just want to say, â€Å"Come on everyone! Just because it’s YA doesn’t mean it doesn’t have to be good.† Quite the reverse! There’s a huge market for good YA – I wish there was more of it. We can’t blame publishers, they have to make money in what’s a very tough market but let’s not just go straight for that Hollywood jugular the entire time. But that’s the same with fiction and books the world over, isn’t it? In any genre there’s going to be good and bad. But, right now, I really think YA is a superb genre to be in.REEDSYIs developmental editing quite different from copyediting?BELINDA JONESYes. Analysis is another thing you have to have an aptitude for, particularly for developmental editing. Again, you have to keep thinking, keep interrogating the text: ‘Is this keeping the flow well? Is it convincing me?â€Å" If something sounds a bit hollow or a bit flat, you’ve got to flag i t up and either suggest or make the change yourself. Usually a manuscript, by the time I get it, has been very much edited in-house. That’s a bit of a tightrope you need to be aware of as a freelance editor – it’s not about your ego, which is something I’m embarrassed to say I had to reign in at the beginning. When for the first time you’re given free reign on a manuscript you think, "Let’s get cracking!† but, like I said, there are many concerns to weigh. Ones that are usually outlined in a brief from the in-house editor.REEDSYFinally, what do you like to read yourself?BELINDA JONESOh, general fiction, literary fiction, YA. A bit of everything, to be honest. I’m currently savouring Les Miserables (a Christmas present from my French in-laws) but I am interspersing it with more digestible reads too. Not something I’d normally allow myself to do  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  !REEDSYThank you for your time Belinda.

Ford essays

Ford essays They can start out as simple as a dream, or a sketch on a napkin during lunch. But by the time you see them, vehicles from Ford Motor Company have been designed and tested to look and perform their best. Here are some stories that chronicle that process. From the Model T to the latest futuristic designs, the engineers at Ford have a long history of design innovation. Here you can get a glimpse of some of the latest visions of the cars of the future. Keeping up to date with current technology is essential to ensuring reliability and safety. See how Ford puts cutting edge developments to work on important issues like Y2K compliance. All great innovations begin with a strong commitment to research. Meet the people behind some of our better ideas and visit places like the Ford Research Laboratory, where exciting new strides are being made in the technology that drives your car. Ford's commitment to the latest research and technology is evident in the cars you see on the road today. Find out more about the cars you want to drive. Innovative solutions to keep you safe and secure. Of all the things we transport in our vehicles, the most important are our children. See what Ford is doing to help keep them safe. Learning to drive remains one of the biggest rites-of-passage for our youth. Read about some of the ways Ford is helping to train the next generation of drivers. When used correctly, they're one of the best safety devices on your vehicle. This section will answer a lot of your questions and explain how air bags work. Buckling up and making sure kids are properly restrained in the rear seat are two important ways you can help keep everyone safe. Here are some other ways Ford is helping to do the same. Dedicated to providing ingenious environmental solutions ...

COMM GROUP ASSIGNEMTN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

COMM GROUP ASSIGNEMTN - Assignment Example It would inquire respondent student’s personal backgrounds. Possible answers to the question would provide the respondent’s name, origin (such as Hispanic) and marital status. The second question would inquire the respondent student’s place of residence. The third question would investigate the interesting cultural facts in the respondent student’s personal history. Answers to the question would involve the respondent student’s mentioning of any interesting idea. The fourth question inquires the experiences that respondent student have had adapting to new cultures. Due to Modernization and globalization, the world society appreciates shared cultures. The students are likely to share such cultures as website communication through social media, westernized dressing style, food choices and the love for games. They all have a sense of collective professional career pursuit. Despite the pressure of globalization and modernization, the student would still experience some cultural difference between them. For example, students would have such cultural differences as religious beliefs, food choices, peer interaction, racial segregation, ethnicity and social interactions (Timmerman, 2007). Firstly, they must psychologically be prepared to handle one another from a diverse perspective owing to their cultural diversity. They should develop a formidable conflict resolution mechanism among themselves. Moreover, the ought to primarily view themselves as brothers irrespective of their regional, racial or ethnic

ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEMENT - Essay Example Participants of anti-globalization crusade oppose to what they view as huge, multi-national firms having unfettered political power, applied via trade agreements as well as decontrolled financial markets. Precisely, multinationals are blamed of pursuing to capitalize on profit to the detriment of work standards and safety conditions, labor hiring as well as compensation standards, legitimacy, sovereignty and independence of national statutory. Many counter-globalization activists necessitate practices of worldwide integration that provide better democratic representation, fair trade, human rights advancement as well as sustainable development. The 1999 WTO convention in Seattle, United States, that was to unveil fresh visionary trade negotiations, was surpassed by controversial and massive street protests that marked the second wave of the anti-globalization crusade. Many of arguments followers of anti-globalization make encompass market failures. Market failures are also known as multinationals, mainly since the magnitude of these firms has permitted them to subvert and circumvent guidelines made in earlier centuries. Though there were indeed conglomerates before the contemporary era of globalization, the people who study international business would contend their power and reach have not ever been grander than today. In the last 2 eras, a worldwide consuming frenzy has consolidated much of content production (for instance, movies and music) to the influences of very few huge companies. The content consolidation itself is not comparatively harmless, that is why Barber Benjamin (1995) is hasty to indicate that with no content, hardware producers (the creators of radios and televisions) nor content supply systems (satellite and cable firms) have a valuable product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A remarkable instance of this may be v iewed in the novel ‘Sirius’ radio and ‘XM Radio’ systems. Though still bound to content, their systems necessitate proprietary hardware (as well as a monthly payment) for right to use (Barber 1995). Therefore, the standardized ‘radio’, a commodity that has is astonishingly inexpensive to produce (as well as to procurement), is supplanted by trademarked technology that because of latest legislation is illicit to evade or swap engineer within the U.S.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market failures are a reasonably more argumentative issue amid the numerous authors, as every one of them draws a line amid ‘fierce competitor’ as well as ‘monopolist’ rather contrarily. The antitrust lawsuits against Microsoft within Europe and the US validate this perfectly. Many of the writers writing about this issue do settle that there exists a position where rivalry culminates and market control begins; in addition, they al so settle that on that fact governments have to take control to restrain the immoderations of corporations that become very powerful. Most of these writers also emphasize that the evolution of multinational establishments has rendered domestic economies â€Å"no longer manageable†. Others, nevertheless, oppose the national administrations are still capable of controlling corporations in their frontiers if the political self-control exists. Market Creep    The biggest problem that most of followers venturing a place within the anti-globalization movement have is the notion that Democracy ‘the one individual, one vote’ is being supplanted by something that is more market-driven ‘one dollar, one (Barber 1995).

Relationship Between Culture and Economy

Relationship Between Culture and Economy Critically consider the relationship between culture and economy. To what extent is it true to suggest that decline of community and the growth of competitive individualism are produced by the shifting needs of the capitalist economy? INDIVIDUALISM independent self reliance a doctrine that bases morality on the interests of the individual a social theory maintaining the political and economic independence of the individual and stressing individual initiative (Penguin English Dictionary, 2001) an economic system characterized by the profit motive and by private ownership and control of the means of production, distribution and exchange (Penguin English Dictionary, 2001) The 15th century saw the rise of humanism and the re-evaluation of the human condition in relation to his or her world. This was viewed as a journey from the dark ages of fear and oppression to the enlightened visions of individuality and hope. In reality, it was a journey that very few were privileged enough to afford. One arena for the exercise of this alternative approach was equating classical Greek and Roman cultures with what was then the rigours of contemporary religion. Already, the image of the individual is looking to another stereotype for definition. Yet how surprised these early scholars would be to find that with this individuality came loss of community spirit, apathy and destruction of the extended family in supposedly advanced societies. They would probably be less surprised to find that economics and politics are two of the tools which have been used to carve out and colour these new societies. The following essay looks at how specific these factors operate within this changing framework of postmodern (Featherstone, 1991) society. It extends its scope beyond classical economic and political theory, which is due more consideration that given here. It considered some of the literature available on the subject of culture and economics, but, in order to get a balanced view, it also tries to see what other elements contribute to the decline of community. To start with, it is necessary to understand the elements that go to make up contemporary society. To put it in Foucaultian (1983) terms, how are these discourses constructed and what are their requirements. How specific are they to each society? â€Å"They [discourses] offer us social positions and statuses: the capitalist economy makes us into ‘workers’, ‘employers’ or ‘unemployed’† (Burr, An Introduction to Social Constructivism, 1995, p.54) Culture and economics have been much studied, investigated and written about but the relationship between the two has been a difficult one to define. Guiso, Sapienza, Zingales, (2005) argue for a â€Å"heterogeneity of preferences† as affecting peoples economic choices. If one agrees with this, then the roots of this heterogeneity have to include culture. However, each of these elements of human society have only the stability of the time in which they are created. They are shifting sands and manipulated by both internal and external factors. For example, in a democracy where politicians are elected by the people, it can be supposed that they are saying what the people like to hear and promising to do what the people who elect them want. It may be a cynical view, but once in power, it appears that one form of manipulation gives way to another. As Chomsky (1992) says, propaganda is to democracies what power is to dictatorships. Political ‘spin’ both reacts and lead s. Yet, as the Frankfurt School of Philosophy shows, a depressingly negative conflict between applied reason and an ability for society to cope with, and adapt positively to, change. For example, the search for ‘panaceas’ (Horkheimer, 1987) disturbs explanations of society and economics. The panacea of the poor, as the saying goes, used to be religion. Theorists now point to consumerism as the new religion, yet it fails to provide the happiness it promises. Horkheimer (1987) explores the roots from which these questions arise and examines the success of individuality and autonomy. Why, when advanced technological societies seem to provide such levels of individual choice, is there such discontent? Could it be that an undermining of certain values has rendered us instinctively insecure? Could it be that there is truth in the statement that â€Å"every aspect of culture is in the process of commodification and linkage to the sale of goods† (Herman, 1995)? If so, is individuality an illusion and humans purely commodities to be sold to whether through cultural conformity or adherence to contemporary ideals? For the purpose of this essay, certain parameters need to be placed on the issues. For example, culture, as defined by the Penguin English Dictionary (2001), is a number of things. It is mental development, namely through education. It is the â€Å"intellectual and artistic enlightenment as distinguished from vocational and technical skills†. It is the customary beliefs and social forms of specific groups. Finally it is defined as â€Å"socially transmitted pattern of human behaviour that includes thought, speech, action, institutions and artefacts† (Penguin, 2001). This essay will mostly involve the last definition of culture. Economics seems simpler to define: â€Å"A social science concerned chiefly with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services† (Penguin, 2001). However, even in these general terms it is easy to see how culture and economy inter-depend. For the purpose of this essay, culture and economics will be put in the context of capitalist economies. It will start with questioning what the needs are of a capitalist economy according to theory and actuality. It will then examine how community has changed and whether both the past society and present individuality are ideals rather than realities. This will then be put in the context of contemporary society. Whilst this essay has a specific focus, it is understood that there are many other forms of political, social and economic systems and these can have different effects depending on their societies. For example, as Paecher, in agreement with Burr’s quotation above, points out; â€Å"Different forms of discourse result in the prioritising of different forms of knowledge; change the power relations between discourses and the knowledge relations associated with them will change as well† (Paechter, Educating the Other: gender, power and schooling, 2001) This puts the issues within a cultural context. To do the same with regard to economics one could take the following example. Certain people who benefit from a technologically advanced capitalist economy would find survival extremely challenging in a subsistence economy. However, this is but one approach and one aspect of these issues. In order to see whether capitalism and the increase of individuality alone have been the reasons for a decline in the ideal of community, the ‘needs’ of all these elements of society have to be considered. The ‘needs’ of a capitalist economy can perhaps both be guided and led by the society they are integrated with. A ‘need’ to understand and quantify the changes that occur within these economies has led to works such as that done by Webber and Rigby (in Albritton et al, 2001, pp. 246-262). To take a factual analysis as typical of the more classical economics, they study the slow down in world economy that took place in the 1970’s. They concluded that a lowering profitability in the advanced economies was to blame for the slow down. They took this overview and quantified the results of economic change in order to assess what the reasons were from an analytical perspective. In reality, unemployment rose and wages, as Sennett shows, fell. He quotes a fall of 18% in American wages between 1973 and 1995 (Sennett, 1998, p.54). Whilst the division of rich and poor is as evident through history as today, the illusion that a capitalist society would benefit all individuals was dissolved. Discontent and disillusionment with political promises became part of the culture. It may be that the pressures felt by individuals to strive and survive through competitive application of business strategies has its roots in the depression and vulnerability of unemployment. Sennett talks about these changing pressures in terms of inequality within corporate structures. He has individuals required to out perform and increase skill diversity (p.55) in order to succeed. Work is therefore governed by economics on the one hand and culture on the other with politics as a mediator between desired forms of society and managed realities. In this light, the opposite of competitive indi vidualism is unemployment and whilst fear of the latter keeps the former competitive, the cost of the latter encourages methods of achieving full employment. For example, Featherstone uses the actions of Seattle (1996) to develop its image as a â€Å"quality of life capital† (p.107). The aim was to reduce its mass unemployment by making itself attractive both within the cultural sphere above and as a thriving economic entity. This postmodernisation (Cooke, 1988; Zukin, 1988b cited in Featherstone, 1996) is, once again, a form of self-publicisation and image production – something that this essay will return to later. To return to the UK situation. A percentage of the UK population became dependent on the Welfare State for survival and became known as the long-term unemployed. Politics and economics are at the forefront when it comes to paying for unemployment. Since the 70’s, politics has tried both a carrot and stick approach to reducing outgoings on the unemployed. Behind these initiatives is the Government budget and the premise that you can measure the success of a country by its National expenditure – this will be returned to later. Politics has continued to experiment with methods of cutting the costs of the Welfare State. Programs such as working for the dole were started. Limiting the time unemployment benefit is available for has been tried. Gradually, the programs and policies work there way back to education, the family and the community. For example the Back to Basics campaign could be seen as an attempt to introduce values that would apparently aid community cohesion. H owever, the ethics involved required a level of appreciation and agreement with the cultural capital (Bordieu, 1987, cited in Featherstone, 1991) of that discourse. Long-term unemployment undermined the expectation and value of educational cultural capital. Yet, â€Å"western governments [tended] to view education as a principal means for alleviating social disadvantage† (Webb, Schirato Danaher, 2002, p.111). Therefore politics had to try and create the values to aid economics. For a section of society, there was no educational habitus, as Bordieu would put it, or familiarity with ‘mind sets’ that make education familiar. Again, politics needed to create these as ‘natural’ expectations. This is one demonstration of the links between economics, culture and individuality and already it shows how the elements are forced both to react and interact. It also shows a necessity for illusion, created ideals, stereotypes and manipulations. A different approach looks at the ethics behind human society and puts parameters on the changes they incur. For example, market survival, success and failure through economic cycles brings in Sennett’s (1998) exploration of ‘flexibility’. Flexibility can take a global or local approach for businesses (and seems to be one of the manufactured ideals that consumerism needs to create within its target markets). When faced by falling profits in their domestic markets, the multi-nationals (cigarette firms, drinks etc) tend to expand into under-developed markets such as the third world, youth, specific racial groups (Herman, 1995). Other forms of flexibility worked on creating ‘needs’ in domestic markets (Sennett, 1998). They create niche markets and challenge the individual to be incomplete without compliance. These ‘needs’ may be defined as part of the basis of capitalist economies, but they also become part of the defining factors of their s ocieties, part of their history and therefore their culture. The next question is how is the actuality of ‘community’ affected by business. How do the ethics applied to financial success co-exist with a construction of community? A tendency to divide the community into constituent elements – business community, cultural community, class community etc has led to a range of definitions. Wenger (1998), for example, explains individual integration into business systems through the idea of a community of practise. The variables are at what level individuals are integrated into these systems and this is one way of viewing business and business community in contemporary society. It can also start to expose the isolation even within a workforce. For example an ITC worker can work from an office or home so long as the technology is in place. Although he or she is a member of this community of practise, they can be isolated from the control systems that lead it. Even if working from home, they are divided between which community they are contributing to. To return to consumerism, it would seem that rather than focus on the destruction of the family as a form of power, consumerism and the business community uses it as an expression of individuality. Likewise, politics appears, when faced by a population that is demanding reform, to come up with an ideal that no longer exists and re-creates it in the form it requires – the Nuclear family becomes a unit of modernity, essential services become community actions. The forms used to promote these needs range from local publicity to mass media, globalisation and spin politics. Herman (1995) looks at the affect of the market on culture. He identifies the tools of commercialisation on television, both in subliminal forms (brand placement) and straight-forward advertising. He looks at how commerce exploits certain pre-existing elements â€Å"which sell ´ (1995) (e.g. sex and violence). He suggests that the global popularity of American movies, music and escapisms â€Å"reflects the global decline in family and civil life, and loss of faith in politics.† (Herman, 1995, p.8) Whilst this has been a simplification of the intricacies of commercialisation, it agrees with those such as Slater who state that â€Å"culture as a whole has become consumer culture† (Slater, 1997, p121). In the introductory section questions were raised as to why discontent should exist in an apparently free society. So far, the dichotomy of appearance and actuality in a capitalist society has been alluded to rather than explored. At the essence of this duality is perhaps the recognition that the â€Å"fundamental unit of meaning in capitalist and economic thought is the object,, that is, capitalism relies on the creation of a consumer culture† (Hooker, 1996). An object is controllable and manipulatable. However, if the object is a human being then it is that person’s individual choice that has to be appealed to. As the roots of commerce tend not be the same ethically as those applied to society, appealing to individual choice requires a certain degree of basic undermining of community values. This ethical difference is shown by the types of programs Governments use to support business, which they must in a market economy, as opposed to the types of programs used to re- construct community. Whilst the former takes a business community approach, the latter tends to work on the individual. At one level, the individual is expected to rationalise, at the other to conform through consumerism and political acquiescence. Alexander (1997) explains that recognition of this duality of commerce and its society has existed for some time. In essence, he argues that an imbalance threatens society` when it becomes overly dominant and creates a â€Å"severed culture† (Alexander, 1997, p.209) and therefore artificially sustained. He quotes Disraeli and Snow as warning that a: â€Å"similar gulf continues everywhere between the mind of commerce and industry on the one hand, and the mind of non-commercial people – most people – on the other.† (Alexander, The Civilised Market, 1997, pp.208-209) If this is the case, one of the needs of a capitalist economy from its community is complicity and another is apathy. When the USA and the UK became enamoured with the market, they did not fully comprehend that business is based on profits and that â€Å"present profits are offsets to future costs† (Alexander, 1997, p.124). Governments supported markets at the cost of small business, competitiveness and ultimately high unemployment. To support an artificial ethic, society must either be too powerless, and at worst apathetic, to demand change, or too comfortable believing the ideals of individuality. The price of this redefinition of ‘self’ has been loss of community cohesion. This brings us to the means of capitalist power and whether loss of community values are the price to be paid for individuality. Slater examines how philosophies and theorists identify ‘alienation’ (Slater, 1997, p.104) of the individual where people become a commodity to be managed. For the majority, they no longer are integrated into a society within which they are part of the control system. It has been argued that there is the illusion of control maintained through choice (Slater, 1997). An idealistic example could be an individual in a self-sufficient but essentially subsistence economy such as a tribal village. Each person contributes to the survival of the whole village. Roles are understood. Culture is therefore a reflection of unity and survival. However, in the apparently ‘rich’, technologically advanced economies, the cult of the individual has placed specific values on success through materialism†¦ and perhaps best supported this through the illusion of choice. Slater further examines this illusion of choice and its production through the media and suggests that: â€Å"All consumption, but above all cultural consumption, has become compensatory, integrative and functional. It offers the illusions of freedom, choice and pleasure in exchange for the real loss of these qualities through alienated labour; it integrated people within the general system of exploitation by encouraging them to define their identities, desires and interests in terms of possessing commodities; and it is functional in that consumer culture offers experiences ideally designed to reproduce workers in the form of alienated labour.† (Slater, Consumer Culture and Modernity, 1997, p121) Slater comes to the above through his study of the development of political economics from Marx to Smith, the Frankfurt School to Soper (1981) and Doyal and Gough (1991). He uses the issue of modernity as his framework. In the above quote he talks of capitalism as essentially a cycle of loss. He also argues that culture produces the demand for this capitalism in the first place and that therefore if â€Å"all objects of consumption are meaningful [this] implicates them in the wider field of cultural reproduction† (Slater, 1997, p.5). The following looks briefly at this social reproduction from the perspective of Bourdieu and education. It does this in order to see how individuality and community actually fit within contemporary society. This gives an opportunity to see how political mechanisms use social structures for the production of specific communities. Bourdieu (1983, cited in Webb, Schirato Donaher, 2000) argues that schools are mechanisms for social reproduction. In this example, they are mechanisms for reproducing social inequalities through their policies and practises. For example, Mercier and Harold (2003) demonstrate that the religiously and culturally generated westernised ideal of the heterosexual family unit finds expression in school documentation. This raises the question of discrimination. Whitton, Sinclair, Barker, Nanlohy and Nosworthy (2004) list the forms of discrimination likely to be met in teaching ranging from race to academic ability. How each school accepts, rejects or translates these terms of reference seems to depend on its own cultural and educational version of Bourdieu’s habitus (Schirato Yell, 2000). For example, schools that respect difference may act firmly to stamp out evidence of sexism under the banner or anti-bullying. Their reaction may be just as firm against the somewhat more recognised discriminatory forms of racism (Lareau McNamara, 1999; Sandercock, 2003). In understanding the reactions to these issues, the values placed on social inclusion finds expression through applied social reproduction. For example, translation of another degree from another country into a qualification recognised abroad can take a renegotiation of Bourdieu’s cultural capital (Schirato Yell, 2000). If the issue to be re-evaluated is race or sexuality, the space for it in the culture determines the procedures necessary to move from isolation to inclusion. This can be empowered or disabled by the values pl aced upon it. To take this a step further would perhaps be to recognise this example as showing the vulnerability of individuality when it is beyond specific economic value systems. Social, economic and political discourses can perhaps be seen as reflecting and manipulating the value systems applied to educational institutions. As Robert Doherty (Journal of Educational Enquiry, 2003) puts it, social exclusion may be perpetuated through deliberate institutional, personal and political ambiguity. If there were an economic value to be placed on the people involved, the situation may be very different. Berger asserts that â€Å"capitalism does operate by the principle of self-interest† (Religion and Liberty interview, 2004). However, he then goes on to divide the situations individuals occupy. For example, a business person may well be a parent and apply different ethics and attitudes to each area. Therefore, whilst successful businesses require an underlying self-interest, the same person may have a more altruistic approach in other areas. When Broom and Selznick (1979) explain culture from a framework of social organisation, they show how different underlying values affect the individual. â€Å"Culture is the design and the prescription, the composite of guiding values and ideals† (Broom Selznick, Essentials of Sociology, 1979, p.57) And â€Å"Statements of need are by their very nature profoundly bound up with assumptions about how people would, could or should live in their society: needs are not only social but also political in that they involve statements about social interests and projects.† (Slater, Consumer Culture and Modernity, 1997, introduction) In this context, consumerism takes culture, re-designs or creates need and draws an illusion to create a contemporary image of individuality. The politics of a market economy apparently has to conform to support this in order to support its economy. However, one way of assessing how individualism stands in relation to a balance of power between culture and economics is to look at some of the recent studies into ‘downsizing’. Whilst not new this is an individual choice and a reaction to discontent with contemporary society. In Hamilton’s (2003) examination of what he terms a sickness derived from affluence, he sees down shifters as the â€Å"standard bearers in the revolt against consumerism† (p.207). They represent a move away from humans as consumerist ‘objects’ and return to values based not on how much they own and earn, but on their value as people. However, this is still an expression of individuality and it is not a return to community or family values. In this book Hamilton tracks the changes from the classical economist’s view of economy where the aim was to quantify how to develop a society’s wealth. He takes in the voices of dissent such as Veblen (1925) and Galbrai th (1958) that sought to warm against the growth of consumerism not as a panacea but more as a cultural poison. Other warnings came in the forms of nations approach to their pronunciations on economics. Where policy makers and politicians need seemingly factual tools to communicate with their electorate, economics can provide. However, Hamilton uses the example of Kuznets warnings regarding reducing a nation’s prosperity to a measurement based on national income (p.13). These provided something of a false floor above which consumerism and the individual continued to thrive but below which a widening gap was forming. It could be seen as a hollowing out, an undermining, of the values that had held people together, but perhaps that is too idealistic. When he comes to the unchallenged rise of ‘neo-liberalism’ (p.10) Hamilton uses the discontent within rich societies to demonstrate how wealth and consumerism have failed the individual. He points out the essential fact that individuals have to act in their own interests in order to support consumerism. From this point it is easy to make the jump to the illusion of the individual as some-one with free choice. These illusory factors are perhaps products in themselves. For example, Lasch (1978) looks at the human condition as predisposed to narcissism. If this is so then illusions and ideals, as recognised by Bordieu (1990), are allowed to distance themselves from reality through altering systems of belief. For example, Bordieu uses the example of social roles such as monarchy to show how culture endows roles within specific structures (1990) and creates the person in that image. He recognises â€Å"social functions are social fictions† (p.195). Yet again, images are presented in place of realities. Applied to this is change. Lasch states that the ‘degeneration of politics in spectacle† (1978, p.81) has led to the transformations of â€Å"policy making into publicity† (1978, p.81). He continues with identification of this distance between image production and reality. He explains how disempowerment, and alienation, occurs due to these images becoming the focal poin ts. Whilst these two points of view may diverge on other issues, they agree on idea that â€Å"images of power overshadow the reality† (Lasch, 1978, p.81). But where do these images and illusions find their genesis? In modernised reproduction of ideals? In the production of expected stereotypes? Is the notion of the family unit replaced not only by a unit of commercialism but by an image of itself and its role in social structures? Both Bordieu and Lasch recognise the impossibilities of endowing an illusion with responsibility. Another method of judging how the community fits with politics is to look what happens with migration, such as with the Italian culture. This is historically strongly networked, in part due to the city state mentality and late unification of the country. Amici, vicini, parenti (friends, neighbours, relatives) as the saying goes are still a composite force in Italian society. The answers as to why community spirit should have resisted degradation better than in many other technologically advanced societies has been much explored. One answer stems from the weakness of the political bodies and lack of trust in the ability of a politics to support the nation. These seem to be one of the fundamental causes of continued community interdependence. If this is true, then the link between politics and a consumer society is evidently very strong. Whilst Italy does not in any way lack consumerist ideals, it maintains the community through a distrust of political spin and lack of longevity (altho ugh Berlusconi has succeeded where many have failed – perhaps aided by owning some of the television stations). This can be taken further by looking at how Italian reacted to migration. For example, how did the Italians who migrated to America react? According to Gardaphe (undated), they were â€Å"constantly negotiating their relationship between the local cultures of their origin and of their land of immigration†. It is interesting to find that self-image of Italian American individuals is affected by whether they are integrated into the structures of power associated with that community: Where the local identities are strong is where Italian Americans are an integral part of political and social infrastructure; it is weak where there is little or no connection to that community. (Gardaphe, undated) This would agree with the idea that competitive individualism plays two roles in society. It could be said that an egocentric, consumerist attitude where the self is important above all else plays into the hands of the illusion of modern society. However, the above Italian American example seems to show that community needs to involve all aspects of society in order to provide a strong, cohesive balance of powers. To a degree, this essay has been broader in its approach than hoped. However, it has tried to substantiate the view that there are many elements responsible for community decline. It has looked at the rise of individuality from its roots as a part of historical community – the Enlightenment and Renaissance – to the extremes of alienation brought about by competitive individualism. The essay has looked briefly at education from the perspective of Bourdieu and his theories on social reproduction. It has also looked at migration to see what happens to a particular community then. In summary, the rise of competitive individualism seems to be more negative than positive. It has not provided the happiness that it promised, yet the illusion of freedom makes it worth while. Throughout the essay, illusion has been a focal point for both economy and culture. The essay has looked at propaganda and ‘spin’ as tools of the market place and politics and produces of illusi on. This emphasises the division between reality and illusion. Whilst the essay agrees with Bourdieu that the reality of social institutions is that they do attempt to reproduce the societies and cultures they come from, it also agrees that politics and the market create the ideal for their own ends. Therefore, competitive individualism is just one part of the re-definition of community. However, where culture will change in accordance with society, individualism is a basic essential of a capitalist economy without which the market cannot operate in the form we now know it. References Achbar, M Wintonick, P. (1992). Manufacturing Consent: Noem Chomsky and the Media. A feature documentary. Quebec, Canada: Necessary Illusions. Albritton, R., Itoh, M., Westra, R. Zeuge, A. (eds) (2001). Phases of Capitalist Development. Hampshire: Palgrave Alexander, I. (1997) The Civilized Market: Corporations, Conviction and the Real Business of Capitalism. Oxford, UK: Capstone Publishing Ltd. Allen, R. (consultant Ed) (2002). The Penguin Concise English Dictionary. London, UK: Penguin Books Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Translated by M. Adamson. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press Broom, L. Selznick, P. (1979). Essentials of Sociology. (2nd Ed) New York, NY: Harper and Row Doherty, R. (2003). Social exclusion: licence through ambiguity Journal of Educational Enquiry, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2003. University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Carter, D. (Ed) (2004). The Ideas Market. Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press Featherstone, M. (1991). Consumer Culture and Postmodernism. London, UK: Sage Publications Foucault, M. (Oct-Nov. 1983). Discourse and Truth: The Problematiz

Girl Scout Investiture

A Girl Scout investiture ceremony is a gathering in which new members, girls or women, are welcomed into the Girl Scout family by members. . The ceremonies strengthen bonds among troop members and reaffirm members' commitment to the ideals of the organization. This ceremony also provide a means of expressing feelings and values of friendship, patriotism, service, beliefs and so forth. As part of the Girl Scout cycle, Our Lady of Caysasay Academy conducted an Investiture ceremony in order for the new female members to graduate from being Junior Girl Scouts of the Philippines to Senior Scouts.The Investiture was held at the OLCA Gymnasium on . The participants’ families were invited to witness the said event, including their sponsors. The investiture was headed by the school’s Girl Scout Moderator, Ms. Mylen Sarmiento, Ms. Roxanne Acuna and Ms. Shirly Vergara. Entrance of the color party was first happened in the said event. There were 3 chosen students who was assigned a s markers. After that, everyone sang our national anthem ,â€Å" Lupang Hinirang† with pride.Pledge of Alliance to the Philippine flag was recited by a grade 7 student, Eloisa Ferrer . Michaela Hernandez sang â€Å"Lead me Lord† as an opening prayer. The President of Girl Scout, Diana Mosqueda led the opening remarks. Ms. Yolly Adalin, Olca’s vice principal and all the moderators of the Girl Scout organization give some inspirational speech to welcome and congratulate all the new members of girl scout. Angelica Landicho was the one who recited the Girl Scout Law. Charlene Liao led the Girl Scout promise.While taking this oath everyone stand with honour and pride, holding our right hand raised level with our shoulder, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the digitus minimus (little finger) and the other three fingers upright, pointing upwards:This is the scout's salute and secret sign. There are several chosen students to light each candle. Each scout were their own sponsor. Our sponsor was the one who put the neckerchief and Ms. Yolly Adalin was the one who was pinning the Girl Scout badge.It will identifies us as persons of character, ready to serve others. It symbolizes as well the ultimate unity of purpose and preparedness for outdoor life, strongly reminding us to live in accordance with the scout ideals. Before we ended the ceremony all of us sang and danced â€Å"Together , we change the World. †, The ceremony was held in the afternoon. It started at one o’clock and ended successfully at three o’clock. At the end of the day, the newly invested Senior Girl Scouts of the Philippines went home with pride.