Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - 888 Words

Symbolism is a powerful device in fiction and writers frequently turn to it in overt and subtle ways. Sometimes a time or place is symbolic of a state of being, just as ordinary objects may take on greater meaning because of what they represent: themselves, but also a condition, feeling, or manifestation of something of great importance to a character. It is also possible, however, for symbolism to expand in a way that actually provides the foundation of a work, and this is the case in Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery.† In essence, Jackson has something disturbing to say about humanity and the force of tribal ritual. To that end, she creates a world that is itself wholly symbolic, even as there are smaller elements of symbolism within it. She also develops suspense based very much on the expansive symbolism of the environment. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson gives evidence of how symbolism may be utilized to make a reality entirely on its own, and present a parti cular idea. The way in which Jackson chooses to rely on symbolism as the foundation for her story is evident in the beginning of the story. Some facts are related; the date is provided, there is a time set for the lottery, and children are free from school and able to attend. These are elements of the â€Å"real world,† grounded in common knowledge and which give a sense of solidity to the scene. Whatever is happening, it is happening in a normal, American setting or community, and the normal laws of date,Show MoreRelatedShirley Jacksons The Lottery736 Words   |  3 Pagesjudge a book by its cover† could not be truer than with Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Jackson’s title for the short story is in fact ironic leading the reading to assume the story to be cheerful and jolly, an assumption that could not be more wrong. â€Å"The Lottery† is about an annual lottery draw in a small town in New England. A tradition that has continued to be practiced for seventy years by the townspeople. This is not the lottery as we know it consisting of money, but the opportunityRead MoreShirley Jacksons The Lottery572 Words   |  3 PagesShirley Jacksons The Lottery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shirley Jacksons The Lottery is an excellent example of an allegorical short story. In this story, the reader learns of a towns lottery that takes place once a year, every year. It has been a tradition in this small rural town for many years and the villagers never question these activities, they just blindly go along with it. But what the reader doesnt know is just what kind of prize the winner is going to obtain. Jacksons use of symbolism is shownRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery 946 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jackson is said to be one of the most â€Å"brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century.† â€Å"Her fiction writing is some of the most important to come out of the American literary canon.† (http://shirleyjackson.org/Reviews.html) Jackson wrote many short stories and even some books. They are more on the dark, witchlike side, however. Kelleher explains that Jackson stated in some interviews that she practiced magic. No one really knows if she was serious while practicing witchcraftRead More Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesShirley Jacksons The Lottery   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting in a story helps to form the story and it makes the characters become more interesting. There are three main types of setting. The first is nature and the outdoors, second is objects of human manufacture and construction and the third is cultural conditions and assumptions. These three things help the reader to understand the characters better in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery;.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Lottery; is started out by being described as TheRead MoreIrony In Shirley Jacksons The Lottery863 Words   |  4 PagesCaleigh Bishop English 101 October 10, 2017 Formal Essay I The Many Instances of Irony in â€Å"The Lottery† In Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery,† she uses many examples of irony. Irony is the use of words that are the opposite of their usual meaning or what is expected to happen. The use of irony plays an important role in delivering Jackson’s sarcasm. The author holds our attention all throughout the story and builds our suspense by using irony with the characters and events that take placeRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe authors message. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays a masterful usage of literary elements to better convey Jackson’s general purpose, such as through the deep symbolism and underlying theme; however, Jackson’s true provocation of emotion is accomplished through her quintessential use of point of view. The objective point of view is indispensable within â€Å"The Lottery† because of the creation of suspense, drama, and irony. To begin with, the first reason why Jackson’s objective point of viewRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery490 Words   |  2 Pages In Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery,† the theme of the story is dramatically illustrated by Jackson’s unique tone. Once a year the villagers gather together in the central square for the lottery. The villagers await the arrival of Mr. Summers and the black box. Within the black box are folded slips of paper, one piece having a black dot on it. All the villagers then draw a piece of paper out of the box. Whoever gets the paper with the black dot wins. Tessie Hutchinson wins the lottery! Everyone thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery1303 Words   |  6 Pagespowerful force (qtd. in AZQuotes). In Shirley Jacksons chilling story The Lottery, a town celebrates a special custom of stoning people to death every year. Jackson perfectly depicts a possible event that may occur from blindly following tra dition without evaluating the purpose or usefulness of it in the first place. Jackson’s use of plot, theme, and symbolism reveal the evil reality of blind faith, tradition, and their consequences. Initially, Jackson’s twisted plot reveals the infinite, viciousRead MoreResearch Paper on Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery†1141 Words   |  5 PagesShirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† is a short story about the annual gathering of the villagers to conduct an ancient ritual. The ritual ends in the stoning of one of the residents of this small village. This murder functions under the guise of a sacrament that, at one time, served the purpose of ensuring a bountiful harvest. This original meaning, however, is lost over the years and generations of villagers. The loss of meaning has changed the nature and overall purpose of the lottery. This ritualRead MoreAnalysis of Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published on June 26, 1948. The story was initially met with negative critical reception due to its violent nature and portrayal of the potentially dangerous nature o f human society. It was even banned in some countries. However, â€Å"The Lottery† is now widely accepted as a classic American short story and is used in classrooms throughout the country. Jackson’s story takes a critical look at what can result when the customs and laws that govern

A Bad Case of Inferiority Essay - 1412 Words

Although a reader cannot assume the narrator is also the author, in some instances the resemblance is uncanny. Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, drew on her own experience of undergoing the infamous Rest Cure of Doctor Silas Weir Mitchell to write her story. According to Gilman, â€Å"[The story] was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy, and it worked† (The Forerunner). Through her platform of writing Gilman successfully illustrated the inferiority women suffered. The Rest Cure led people to believe that women should â€Å"live as domestic a life as far as possible† and only be allowed to â€Å"have but two hours intellectual life a day,† (The Forerunner). These restrictions†¦show more content†¦According to the Rest Cure women were â€Å"never to touch pen, brush, or pencil again† thus emulating male dominance over female freedom in the form of artistic expr ession (The Forerunner). Within the story the narrator uses writing as an escape; however, she keeps it completely hidden from her husband. An example of the narrator’s submission to her husband’s commands would be as followed: â€Å"There come John, and I must put this away-her hates to have me write a word,† (Gilman 627). By neglecting her own self wants the narrator gives into the will of her husband. This action of compliance shows the power that men can have and how they sometimes exercise that power to make women feel inferior. The nursery, exemplifies the theme of inferiority, serves as the main setting for the story. The irony is that the â€Å"ill† person needs to be taken care of and resides in the nursery; thus, the husband is treating the narrator like a child. Through diction the reader can clearly see how the narrator is made to feel inferior. An example of inferiority would be when John calls the narrator â€Å"little girl† after she is caught walking around the house alone (Gilman 632). The phrase is most associated with little children not with grown women. By calling his wife a childish name he treats her with even less respect much like aShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Harmful Effects Of Discrimination And Segregation534 Words   |  3 Pagesprove that racism, segregation, and discrimination all have negative effects. The three most prominent effects of discrimination and segregation combined are Inferiority, fear, and anger. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Inferiority is a major issue when discussing the effects of discrimination and segregation. In the Plessy vs. Ferguson case it was ruled that there may be segregation, but the people must be equal-Separate but Equal;. After this ruling all facilities were separated according to raceRead MoreThe ghost of the plantation in my opinion is the lingering effects of what slavery did to the700 Words   |  3 Pagesopinion is the lingering effects of what slavery did to the African American people collectively. It immensely impacted their mind which in turn, carried through the generations. Akbar explains that work, property, leadership, clowning, and personal inferiority are the ghosts that still haunt African- Americans today. Akbar’s view of African- Americans and work are not a concrete argument for me because the majority, regardless of race, in my opinion, rather relax than do strenuous activities to enjoyRead MoreMy People The Sioux And The Lives Of Native Americans Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrative that draws us deeper into the history of The United States. My People the Sioux and the life of Luther Standing Bear are both crucial in examining the positive connotations of Indian Boarding Schools and the use of education to challenge the inferiority complex surrounding Native Americans. Luther Standing Bear was born in December of 1868 and this autobiography was completed on July 25, 1927. Encompassing the end of reconstruction, the industrial revolution, and the start of the Indian BoardingRead MoreReview of Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce Essay663 Words   |  3 Pagesmain justifications for the policy, was to educate the half-caste children so that they could fit into society. One of the main arguments against the policy was that it encouraged a sense of superiority by the whites and a sense of inferiority by the aborigines. Justifications For the Policy The Europeans, who invented and put the policy into practice, had many reasons for doing so. They thought that they were doing a good thing. Some of the reasons for this areRead MoreRacial Theory, Policies, And Popular Reaction By Aline Heig963 Words   |  4 Pagesdivided. Cuba and Argentina it was characterize by the separation of skin color. The Anglo-Saxon in Argentina and Cuba have the idea of superiority race and inferiority. However, Heig explain that the ideology of the Argentina culture is very similar because they believe in the white superiority and Indians and black inferiority. In the case of Argentina, in the nineteen hundreds they belief that a new era did arrive because of the creation of electricity and new technology. The capitalism time broughtRead MoreExamples Of I Have A Dream Speech754 Words   |  4 Pagesthe condition of the area. This factual statement is a form of logos, cleverly added in by Dr. King along with several other examples of logos, to persuade the readers with the facts of the case. The facts go on to prove the unfairness that is being distributed to the blacks in this community. Seeing how bad the situation is by looking at the information starts to get readers thinking about how to change it for the better. Dr. King’s letter has less pathos involved but what pathos it does includeRead MoreThe Presentation of Authority and Inferiority in The Tempest Essay examples997 Words   |  4 PagesThe Presentation of Authority and Inferiority in The Tempest Shakespeare has staged a play that explores the human hierarchy of the Elizabethan era. At the time dominance of one person over another was part of a system, which kept the society going. The social hierarchy consisted of the educated, kings, bishops, lords and noble men at the top of the hierarchy, with the working class peasants at the bottom. Everyone had a fixed status in society. However this is all physically Read MoreThe Effect Of Doll Tests On Brown V. Board Education Decision1052 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristics. The white dolls were attributed as pretty and good unlike the black dolls that were given negative characteristics such as ugly and bad. It was after this test that the Doctors concluded that discrimination, segregation and prejudice led to damage of self-esteem among African American children. Moreover, it created feelings of inferiority among these children. A disturbing result was established when Doctor Kenneth conducted the doll test on black children. He did this to study self-esteemRead MorePowerful Women and Submissive Women in Njals Saga and the Bible1663 Words   |  7 Pagesand not in the dwellings of others. I’m in debt to Njal for many honours, and I’m not going to be a cat’s paw for you.† When the time comes for the men to ride to the â€Å"Thing,† Gunnar tells Hallgerd, â€Å"Behave yourself while I’m away and don’t show your bad temper where my friends are concerned.† Hallgerd, thinking that Bergthora is plotting to steal excess wood from a forest shared between Gunnar and Njal, sends her servant, Kol, to kill Svart Bergthora’s servant who is innocently collecting wood (heRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka Essay1496 Words   |  6 Pagesisolation pushing some cases to the solitude. Some consider The Metamorphosis as an autobiography of the author, which tries to capture the loneliness and isolation that he felt at some point by his family due to his hard work. Kafka, was born the 3 of July of 1883 in Prague, in the bosom of a family wealthy belonging to the minority Jewish of language German. Son of a merchant that overwhelmed his existence, in a letter to his father, written in 1919, he expressed feelings of inferiority and parental rejection

Nuclear Energy Externalities free essay sample

Externalities Nuclear power is a concept that has been evolving and has become a key in the race for the newest and best source of renewable energy. Nuclear power generation involves the use of large nuclear fission reactors that generate electricity through fission reactions and heat generation. Nuclear energy has many positive externalities but in the past the technology has proven that it has major downfalls as well. For this reason only about 5% of the power in the world is generated from nuclear sources. This nuclear power is only produced in some of the richest countries due to the fact that the initial investment into producing nuclear energy is extremely high and the gains of energy are sometimes not worth the investment in the advanced technology. Nuclear power can be a good source of power, provided the country has the funds available and resources to acquire nuclear material and process it to create energy. The biggest negative externality associated with nuclear power is disasters. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986 was a nuclear meltdown that occurred in on of the reactors at the plant. It resulted in deadly nuclear material leaking out of the plant and into the ground and air of surrounding areas. A huge radius around the plant remains closed to this day. With the high costs associated with entering the nuclear market, and the dangers the technology pose to the public, a meltdown or related nuclear accident is an astoundingly large and dangerous negative externality. In the case of a meltdown the surrounding areas are subject to radiation and cleanup is extremely expensive and costs the nation and the population hundreds of millions. Many believe that it is just not worth the risk to integrate nuclear power into their nations and lives. The Chernobyl incident leads to the radiation poisoning death of thousands and destroyed a huge amount of land in Ukraine. It is clear the economic repercussions of such an incident are widespread and affect various members of a country. Besides the extremely dangerous materials involved in generating nuclear power, the negative externality of waste storage exists. When nuclear power is produced the waste created from the fission reactions is highly toxic and deadly. For most, the dangers and economic costs associated with nuclear power are not worth the risk for such a little reward in terms of energy. Although some think that nuclear power is extremely clean, it has many byproducts and if something goes terribly wrong, the cost will be looming for decades if not centuries to come.

Multinational Corporations, Globalization and State Sovereignty

Today, more than ever before, scholars and mainstream commentators are in agreement that a substantial component of the globalization effect is the erosion of the power of the nation state, as international actors such as multinational corporations continue to weaken and incapacitate the state from fulfilling its traditional mandate for the common good of its citizenry (Okogbule, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Multinational Corporations, Globalization and State Sovereignty specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This short paper aims to illuminate the negative effects of big corporations and globalization on a country’s political and economic sovereignty. It is common knowledge that countries in developed and emerging economies are increasingly becoming dependent on multinational corporations to integrate their economies in a globalized world (Kapfer, 2006). In many instances, the bait for establishing t he dependency relationship comes in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) and its capacity to stimulate and sustain economic development of these countries. By abdicating their roles in the international arena to non-state actors such as multinational corporations, countries soon realize that they are no longer the central actors in international relations, resulting in substantial erosion of political and economic sovereignty. The multinational corporation Coca Cola, for instance, often uses its international relations shrewdness and globalized networks to dictate to developing countries how to implement tax regimes or whom to elect into a political office. Multinational corporations are often used by the home government to interfere in the affairs of the host government for political or economic gains (Smith, 2004). Many host governments in Africa, for instance, receive focused challenges to their sovereignty from Western Countries that use multinational enterprises to press for regime changes or accommodation of more ‘democratic space.’ International newspapers have reported how multinationals such as British American Tobacco (BAT) and Barclays Plc were forced by their respective home governments to close business in Zimbabwe in a focused attempt to force the perceived ‘dictatorial’ regime of President Robert Mugabe to embrace ‘democratic’ principles.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To date, economic globalization still remains the major bottleneck to the sovereignty and power of states owing to the fact that many multinational corporations have succeeded in moving both capital and means of production further away from state control into private ownership (Lowi, 2011). As a matter of fact, many governments in Africa and other underdeveloped countries around the world are no longer capable of controlling the economic situation within their own borders due to the effects of economic globalization. In essence, countries are being driven by market trends governed by multinational corporations without due regard to political or economic sovereignty of these countries. The 2008 financial crisis, which had its epicenter in the United States, demonstrated how economic globalization can affect state sovereignty in countries thousands of miles away from America. Nations lose their sovereignty when their cultures are infiltrated by foreign ideologies, beliefs and value systems (Kapfer, 2006). Multinational corporations, with the assistance of globalization forces, have been able to infiltrate cultures, values and belief systems of many third world countries, resulting in far-reaching negative ramifications for people as well as national institutions. The multinational corporation McDonalds has hit news headlines on numerous occasions for spreading American culture, economic imperialism and he gemony around the world (Smith, 2004). Today, many children in Africa and Asia are living with lifestyle diseases courtesy of the economic and cultural imperialism fronted by a concept labeled as â€Å"McDonaldisation.† It is unsettling to note that multinational pharmaceutical corporations such as Roche and Boots are then charged with the responsibility of supplying drugs to cure the lifestyle diseases, resulting in near total erosion of state sovereignty. There are many other instances that could be used to demonstrate the negative effects of multinational corporations and globalization on the sovereign will of a nation. However, within the context of a nation’s political and economic sovereignty, it can be safely concluded that multinational corporations and globalization effects have done more harm than good, especially in developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Multinational Corporations, Globalization and State Sovereignty sp ecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Kapfer, S. (2006). Multinational corporations and the erosion of state sovereignty. Web. Lowi, T. J. (2011). Globalization, war and withering away of the state. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 17(2), 243-256. Okogbule, N. S. (2008). Globalization, economic sovereignty and African Development: From Principles to Realities. Journal of Third World Studies, 25(1), 213-231. Smith, R. E. (2004). Private power and national sovereignty: Some comments on Multinational Corporation. Journal of Economic Issues, 58(2), 417-447. This report on Multinational Corporations, Globalization and State Sovereignty was written and submitted by user Outlaw Kid to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing

How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing How to Cite a Website in IEEE Referencing With so much information available online these days, it is vital to know how to cite online sources. In this post, then, we’re looking at how to cite a website in an essay or paper using IEEE referencing. Referencing a Website with In-Text Citations In IEEE referencing, you cite sources with a number in the text. These numbers each point to a different source in the reference list: The internet relies on standardized communication protocols [1]. Number sources in the order that you first cite them. The source in the example above, for instance, would be the first source cited in the document and the first source in the reference list. And if you cite a website more than once, make sure to use the same number in each citation. As shown above, you will usually give citations at the end of a clause before terminal punctuation. However, if you name the author in your writing, you should give the citation number immediately afterwards: Rouse [1] identifies TCP/IP as key for networking devices. This clearly shows the connection between author and source. Listing a Website in an IEEE Reference List The reference list is where you provide full information for every source you use. If you cite a website, this means using the following format: [#] INITIAL(S). Surname, â€Å"Page Title,† Website Name, date of publication. [Online]. Available: URL. [Accessed Date]. In practice, then, the entry for an online source would look like this: [1] M. Rouse, â€Å"TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol),† SearchNetworking, Aug. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP. [Accessed Sept. 19, 2018]. Usually, you will find all this information if you look closely enough. However, IEEE does supply rules for handling missing information: If a page does not name its author, use an organizational author (e.g., the publishing company or the overall website). If no organizational author is available, use the source title in its place in the reference list entry. The date of publication can be the date the page went online or when it was last updated. If neither is available, use the abbreviation â€Å"n.d.† instead. Finally, don’t forget to include a hanging indent for each line after the first in each reference list entry, as this is required in IEEE referencing. And if you need any help checking the referencing in your work, let us know.

7 talent mistakes that are destroying your bottom line

7 talent mistakes that are destroying your bottom line Recruiting and managing talent has become one of the hottest topics in this hiring market, both for boots on the ground recruiters and the executives who are tasked with strategizing and organizing. If you find you’re getting frustrated by the challenges and stresses of talent management, you’re certainly not alone- but it doesn’t have to be that way. Let’s look at some of the pitfalls you may be experiencing, and how they’re sabotaging your best efforts.1. Limiting diversity to the hiring processOnce you’ve found and hired a diverse team, that checks off the diversity success box, right? Not quite. Finding diverse talent is a great first step, but you need to keep up that momentum among employees, and not just new recruits. It’s important to keep considering how to manage diversity on an ongoing basis, well after the team is in place. Are team leads equipped to manage a diverse team? Are diverse team members supported, culturally, or are they expected to blend in with the homogenous corporate identity?Another key mistake in this area is thinking too narrowly about diversity, and not considering diversity beyond the obvious gender and ethnic differences. There’s also cognitive diversity, which essentially means embracing different thinkers, people who have leadership styles that may seem unorthodox to your company, or personality types that haven’t typically had broad representation at your company before. It’s about diversifying thought and perspective to maximize success, not just about diversifying the demographics.2. Prioritizing change for change’s sakeEveryone wants to be innovative. But are you pushing innovation initiatives at the expense of things that are already working and clicking well? Think of it like those New Year’s Day resolutions. In December, the status quo is happy and merry and full of sugary goodness. January 1, reality hits, and suddenly there are draconi an goals about fitness and diet as an immediate reaction. Try to see change management as a lifestyle change, not a crash diet. Make sure you’re taking stock of what’s working with your talent management, and change things up when it feels right- not because you feel like you should be shuffling things around just to keep up with the times.3. Letting disagreement derail projectsHaving everyone sign off on every project is†¦unlikely. The whole point of having diversity in perspective is making sure that all angles of a project are considered. But when it comes time for the leaders to commit, they need to ensure that naysayers are willing to commit to the project- even if they disagree with the methods. It’s not about making sure everyone comes around to a particular position, but rather that they’re willing to go along with the leader’s final assessment and plan.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});And if there ar e serious fundamental disagreements, those have to be managed as well. Part of this can be done during the recruiting and hiring process, with interview questions designed around determining whether someone is a â€Å"my way or the highway† type of team member, or someone who is comfortable expressing differences, but also being willing to commit to a larger vision.4. Assuming that recruiting priorities and larger company strategy are the same thingThis one can get tricky. Ostensibly, you’re hiring people who will serve the company’s needs and strategies. But hiring is focused on the company’s immediate needs- putting someone in place who can manage the day-to-day right away. That might not always square with where you want the company to go in the next year, three years, ten years. Overcoming this potential gap means focusing on growth goals on both the employee and company levels.This means creating a culture where goals are not only encouraged, but tra cked and managed against the larger company strategy. It means working with people at all levels- executive, managerial, and employee- to create achievable, specific goals that align with the company’s strategic goals. This requires openness about the company’s goals, and a two-way feedback program so that employees aren’t setting their own goals in a vacuum. Studies have shown that employees who feel informed about and engaged in company goals are more satisfied and productive in their jobs.5. Allowing a disconnect between talent and cultureIf your company’s culture is very specific or static, you risk having training and recruiting efforts that aren’t aligned with the realities of working at the company. If employees are trained on processes that are in place just because they always have been in the past, then you’re essentially training them for the past. Talent is then conditioned toward aligning themselves with the status quo- not nece ssarily toward the kind of flexible thinking that could move things forward.This doesn’t mean you have to rewrite your company culture every time someone new comes along but think of the culture as a work in progress, with an emphasis on agility, change, and innovation in the service of the larger company goals. Make sure that your talent is being managed with an eye toward context, and make sure they understand the reasons why they’re being asked to do their jobs a certain way.6. Not focusing on short-term talent developmentWith so much recruiting and management effort focused on employees’ long-term goals, it can be easy to lose sight of the short-term goals that a) help them develop, and b) serve the company in the meantime. Instead of thinking only of the â€Å"five-year plan,† help employees see the â€Å"five-month plan,† and the steps they can take in the meantime.Giving employees opportunities to engage in your organization and join committ ees, make presentations, or lead projects can help short-term development and ensure that employees don’t feel stagnant in their roles- and start looking to take their talents elsewhere.7. Not relying on a core group of â€Å"company evangelists†When it comes down to handing down strategy or goals, don’t forget that your company has an infrastructure in place for supporting and communicating that vision throughout the company. Sometimes called the â€Å"top 100,† this group is typically the CEO, his or her direct reports, and the level of direct reports below that. These employees are familiar with both the company strategy and also what it means in the day-to-day for their teams, so lean on them to make sure that information is communicated and supported throughout the company network. Making sure that you have the support and engagement of this core group will help spread the word to all levels of the company, making it feel less like a royal edict and more like a collective project.None of these mistakes are fatal for a company, but making them can absolutely slow your progress toward your corporate goals. You want your talent management to be as efficient and painless as possible, so knowing and avoiding these common mistakes will definitely benefit you in both the short and the long run.

Boeing and airbus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boeing and airbus - Research Paper Example The Boeing 787 series was grounded after this episode in the United States. All these incidences concerned the battery and the airplane’s electrical components. It is also reported that the airplane has two major issues within the first 52,000 of flight while it was supposed to last for up to 10 million flight hours without any problems. The solution to this problem would be to change the battery so that it would be able to contain fires better and thus become more efficient and work for longer periods. However, the causes of the battery failures are still not known and therefore the solutions given may not cover the entire problem. Therefore, as the CEO of the company, there is a need to find out the cause of the failure of the batteries in order to find suitable solutions to the existing problem (Harress). The competitors of the Boeing include the airbus and Lockheed martin. The airbus is one of the biggest passenger airplanes known worldwide. However, it has some issues that need to be dealt with. For instance, one major problem of the airbus is its sensitive warning system. The software is not able to handle manageable tolerances and, therefore, the system can be set off even with very minor problems in the aircraft. The warnings and alarms can set off an alert and even shut down a well-functioning plane (Flight Global). There is a need for the algorithm to be set straight so that it is less sensitive and to prevent further breakdown of the airbus. The issue of false alarms has made the plane unreliable and therefore many passengers avoiding it. The rest of the citizens may not be in a position to understand the defects and react accordingly and thus the loss of confidence among many customers. There is a need to come up with a better software to deal with the false alarms and to make the airplane more

The Ethics of Peta and The Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ethics of Peta and The Death Penalty - Essay Example Another school of thought presents the fact that an individual who has performed such a heinous crime as murder has no right to live and will be a threat to other individuals if allowed to live. Christianity condemns the death penalty; Judaism approves it and Islam holds it permissible with giving rights to the victim's family to pardon. Human life executions are prevalent mostly following judicial proceedings unless they are extra judicial ones most established in countries of no or uncontrollable law. However, talk on the death penalty pertaining to human life overshadows equally important issues at times. Animals, like human beings have as much a right to live on Mother Earth as their more intelligent counterparts. PETA stands for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. It was founded in 1980 and came to public attention in 1981. PETA is the world's largest animal rights association consisting of more than 2.0 million members. It not only focuses on animal benefits and security issues but also rejects all forms of sufferings of animals. PETA works in the course of public learning, cruelty investigations, investigation, animal rescue, legislation, special events, celebrity participation, and protest campaigns. If we focus our attentions

The Night of the Iguana Essay Example for Free

The Night of the Iguana Essay The lines stated above are the famous words from a well known composer â€Å"Jonathan Coffin†. He wrote these lines when he was at the age of 97 and was considered to the oldest living writer who was still into practice of writing. These lines more or less portray the idea of the play â€Å"The night of the Iguana†. A large amount of The Night of the Iguana is summarized in these little crumbs of poetry. At the time when Peter Judd, who represents Coffin in T. Schreiber Studios astonishing creation of this surprising and unexpected production eventually, explodes into the world with it in the center of the expressively concerning chronicles that take part in and out around his personality, an uncommon type of catharsis took origin for me. This creation, directed by Terry Schreiber, formulates a well-built argument that Iguana may possibly be the most influential and dominant of all of Tennessee Williamss show business. It is unquestionably must-see theatre. Analysis: The Night of the Iguana maintains and improves the subjects of the plays of Tennessee Williams. To be certain, it has origins in Tennessee Williams invention—which comprises poetry, small chronicles and in any case one work of fiction; but at this point it is usual to come across for those roots in the type which has made him world-famous, in the stage show. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is similarly fraction of the woods which environs The Night of the Iguana. Williams basic matter is unkindness in three variations: The unkindness of human beings, the group’s brutality to the person, the unkindness of natural world, in the animal unrefined procedures themselves, and the unkindness of God, as the individual liable for the entire cosmic-metaphysical structure of unkindness, lack of food, decomposition and bereavement. That his dramas to a somewhat high level are filled of tense, broke and supersensitive individuals is a rational consequence of the reality that Tennessee Williams possesses gathering with truth, as seen in the course of his writings, has been one large fail. And as realism looks nowadays—a humanity blanket with a fatal gab of hatred and fear, and with the alimentation from Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Hitlers bereavement site as our times most significant looks—it is barely at all overstatement to declare that this crash has excellent causes. The human being who hikes around nowadays with excellent nerves, vigorous and optimistic, experiences not only a blunted perceptive, but from what is bad: a rounded spirit. In his script, in his everlasting protection of those who believe in a different way, who have dissimilar habits of being, Tennessee Williams symbolizes an extremely high ethics, a far higher and further extended civilization, than do those who blame him of wickedness and need of confidence in sympathy. Tennessee Williamss The Night of the Iguana is the very last of the illustrious American dramatist’s most important creative, significant, and box office accomplishments. Initially presented on December 28, 1961, on Broadway in the Royale Theatre, The Night of the Iguana made Williams the winner for his fourth New York Drama Critics Award. Similar to other dramas by Williams, The Night of the Iguana spotlights on sexual interactions and unusual characters, as well as one crippled by his requirements, the Reverend Shannon. Without a doubt, in retrospect, a lot of opponents observe The Night of the Iguana as the association among stylistic times, near the beginning/center to late for Williams. They disagree that Williams discloses more of himself in this drama other than his earlier efforts. Certainly, not like a lot of of Williamss plays The Night of the Iguana concludes on an optimistic, encouraged message. Nevertheless, a number of present-day reviewers of the unique Broadway production discover the play deficient outline and lacking in originality of Williamss previous accomplishments. There has as well been a lasting argument over what the iguana, stated in the title, symbolizes. The iguana, which uses most of the script joined up on the border of the veranda, is seen as a sign for a number of objects, Containing freedom, what it signifies to be a human being, and Shannon. It can be said that The Night of the Iguana does not go anyplace. In the sincere logic, it does not require to. It is by now there, at the touching, beleaguered heart of the human being condition (Anonymous, pp. 1). Analysis of the Characters: Schreibers direction in no way demonstrates; its as usual as walking. But hes afforded with his designers to carry the Costa Verde to astounding existence, with George Allisons verdant, attractive location, whole with palm trees, operational water propeller, and even a thunderstorm, setting the sight completely; and Karen Ann Ledgers set of clothes, Andrea Boccanfusos lights, and Chris Rummels jingles all contributory powerfully to the ambience. Schreiber has conveyed into view outstanding work from all of his performers as well. Even the group of actors with the negligible roles—like Peter Aguero as one of Shannons competitor expedition guides or Alecia Medley as the inexperienced present bright, unforgettable performances. The four keys do a lot more, getting intensely into the spirits and wits and moods of their characters and allowing us appreciate what creating every one of them marks. Janet Saia is a strong, bodily Maxine, but she constantly permits us to observe the displeasure and solitude that troubles this woman. Denise Fiore provides us a beached, moderately than delicate, Hannah, a woman who has been taught how to stay alive and cultured how to take out crumbs of contentment from a less-than-ideal living circumstances; she senses at one time transient and very weary, so that the trip she narrates and the expedition she takes throughout the play both seem very persuasive (Tennessee Williams, 150). Conclusion: So you actually dont feel like to miss an exceptional opportunity to witness one of the less-frequently done Williams works of art as it was destined to be seen. Certainly, Im not sure that anyone has ever left a creation of Williams additional dignified or stimulated by the wealthy acceptance of humankind that our supreme American spectacular writer infatuated. The Night of the Iguana is considered to be the best play of Williams. The way he has given a positive message at the end of his play has made the play very effective and influential. This play in no doubt different than whatever work he has done till date. References: Williams, Tennessee. 1961. The Night of the Iguana: A Play. Published by New Directions Anonymous. 1964. The Night of the Iguana . Retrieved on 5th March ’09 from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0058404/

Nicolaus Copernicus Essay -- essays research papers fc

Nicolaus Copernicus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nicolaus Copernicus, who lived from 1473 until 1543, is known for his idea that the sun is motionless at the center of the universe and that the earth and other planets all revolve around it. This Polish astronomer revolutionized beliefs involving the universe, making his thoughts controversial in his time, but common knowledge in our own (Westman).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the time of Copernicus, people had extremely different views of the universe. A Greek astronomer named Ptolemy had his own theory of the earth and its relationship with the sun and other planets. Around 140 AD, he came up with a system that showed the earth at the center of the universe with the sun and planets revolving around it in a spherical shape (Reichenbach 15-17). Ptolemy also believed that the earth remained still and that the outermost sphere contained the stars, which were fixed in space (Westman).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Copernicus’s theory showed the earth and other planets revolving around the sun in a circular motion. At the same time, the moon is rotating around the earth as well. Like Ptolemy, Copernicus believed that the stars occupied the region farthest from the sun. Copernicus, however, never stated whether or not these stars were in a fixed sphere around the universe or if they were scattered throughout space. Unlike Ptolemy’s motionless earth, Copernicus said the earth rotates around itself daily, causing night and ...

High School and School Football Team Essay

Why someone wants to drop outof high school. Either or their family don’t have money so they have to work. There are many different reasons why students drop out of high school. As long as I know and from my experience those three are most import reasons why students drop out of high school. Dropping out of high school, sounds cool isn’t it? No but I had few friends who were in my of college? As from my experience with few of my friends who drop out of high school are those who has skills in sport or they think they don’t need to study in order to get to their goals. Most likely they are inspired from a star that has not even completed high school and he or she is big star now in a sport or even music. I am not saying that every student drop out of high school because of this reason. Few students drop out because they have bad grades from a star who is not even a high school graduate and today he is a star. Second one child doesn’t have any interest in education but that child is forced to attend high school. And last but not least some students who want to study but in some consequences they don’t have any other choice then drop out high school football team and two of my friends thought dropping out of high school is cool and fun they thought they are best football player so they will find something to do after dropping out of high school. Now days they don’t have job neither of them is in any football team either. Few days ago one of them tried to commit suicide. That’s the result of or they are  Page – 2  treated bad ways by a teacher or an administrator. Some student who don’t study or they don’t have any interest in education but they are forced by  their parents to go to high school they are the second one who will most likely drop out of high school. Therefore they will end up with out job, no money or may be no place to live in.

Cultural Considerations

Abstract In this paper, we will discuss the cultural differences faced within the criminal justice system. The differences include cultural beliefs, practices, race, gender, and etc. The criminal justice system in the United States does not have an exact solution on how to proceed and embed our country with the cultures beliefs and practices performed by now citizens of the United States. Within this paper, the cultural concerns will be addressed along with possible solutions on how to involve other cultural practices within our own western society.Lastly, Affirmative Action, the Employment Opportunity Act , and other nondiscrimination practices will be examined on how they have impacted the minority population along with the criminal justice system. Cultures & Criminal Law There are many cultures that reside within the United States. Within these cultures come different religious practices and cultural beliefs about their lives, in which some people may disagree about. So, if we do disagree about their beliefs, does it give us the right in the United States to imply we cannot perform those practices here because it’s against our laws?Actions that are illegal here may not be illegal in the country from where the individual is from, are to step aside and allow them to practice the belief anyways? The answer to both questions is â€Å"No†. We must not ignore both situations; this will only cause conflict and heartache for those involved. Criminal law with its emphasis on formal values such as legality and legal certainty faces problems when encountering social issues and social questions that relate to cultural conflicts and different perceptions of substantial principles of justice and morality (Nuotio, 2008).Due to the flexibility of criminal law, cultural issues may be taken into the account in various ways, should this turn out to be necessary. Criminal law is also a cultural phenomenon itself, representing the values of the community. Western c riminal justice is surely individualistic in many ways, as it aims at allocating blame and responsibility to individuals for their wrongful actions. At the same time, it is the part of law through which the political community largely defines itself be deciding about issues of right and wrong.In a modern context, cultural diversity causes extra pressure on political and legal systems, but it does actually render modern law even more important than before, and the substantial disagreements cannot be handled otherwise. One problem that we also must consider is that, even taking cultural context into account in criminal law might itself become a denunciatory practice, a denial of recognition. This view indicates that culture is like nature in that it influences and even determines the actions of the individual, thus limiting individual responsibility on factual grounds.Culture would then be regarded as a kind of force that actually diminishes responsibility for one’s actions in declaring it traditional and customary instead of highlighting its individuality. It is therefore, crucially important to think carefully about how and why culture matters. It might be that both culture and law have the potential to work towards non-recognition or misrecognition. Culture itself is not innocent in this respect. Cultural conflicts often have to do with the fact that different meanings are associated with actions and events by their various participants.The key question is then whether we must guarantee that the legal imputations always respect such cultural sensitivities. Are we generally entitled to have our own personal world-view respected by the courts when they decide cases in which we are involved? Would other solutions mean that some aspects that are constitutive of our identity will be publicly rejected? The conflict may often between the two expressions: that of the action itself, and that of its legal interpretation. Criminal law aims at replacing the meanin g and evaluation of the act given by the actor himself or herself, or the community, by a legal assessment of it.This might turn into a conflict of interpretation. Criminal law is a sort of institutionalized denial, taking standpoints and presenting them over the heads of the individuals in question as it communicates and allocates blame. For example, (Nuotio, 2008), suggests we could, more, generally, expect to see clashes over rights at every level (freedom rights, political rights, welfare rights), and we could also presume that at least some cultural conflicts will arise in the context in which defenders of a tradition are enforcing a traditional morality that clashes with the rights of the  individual.There are incidents of honor offences concerning forced marriages in which the father or brothers have violently forced an unwilling bride to marry or even killed her when she has insisted on marrying someone of her own choice. It is not rather contradictory if a person who hers elf fully enjoys all the rights and protection granted to her in a modern society strives to defend a cultural practice that is not compatible with such rights? We live in an iron cage, prisoners of our legal framework which has developed over many centuries. Against the Law?Actions may be wrong, no persons. The legal imputation should never, however, appear as fully accidental and surprising. Legal imputation requires a sociological back-up. People need to understand what has happened and why the legal system intervened. The criminal law provisions defining various offences are deemed to refer to actions in an understandable way, all of which takes place under the fundamental challenge of legitimacy and justice. Criminal laws do not speak directly about identities, as this field of law limits itself to issues concerning actions.But certain actions that are prohibited as criminally wrong might be relevant for the identity of particular persons. Issues related to sexual crimes produc e quite strong images of sexual manners and sexual identities. Such issues are being dealt with in modern criminal justice by a more fine-tuned approach than before. The protected interest is sexual autonomy, not public morals. However, while it seem reasonable to direct efforts toward recognizing cultural identity, respecting diversity to the point of justifying acts that threaten society’s values seems a dubious, even dangerous, policy.It would be difficult for a society to accept that certain acts to be tolerated and even justified solely on the basis of respecting the customs of other cultures; one need only think of the conflicts resulting from the justification of domestic abuse or violence. Communitarian policies of this nature could give rise to social instability, counterproductive to the goal of crime prevention (Carnevali, 2009). Police, EEO, & Affirmative Action Cultural differences in America will affect not only our laws, but the law enforcer whom enforce the la ws to start.It is important for police to understand the cultural experiences and dynamics of the communities they serve, these concerns go further. One of the reasons for focusing on cultural and other differences is that different people can have profoundly different experiences of the same event. There is no single, monolithic truth, but rather widely varying perceptions of reality. These perceptions are influenced by a number of factors; cultural background is one of them (Texas Highway Patrol Association Magazine, 2001).Along with cultural differences comes â€Å"cultural laws† to help protect those from discrimination from jobs, schools, disability, race, gender, and genetics. One of those laws include the Equal Employment Opportunity Act; applicants to and employees of most private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions, employment agencies and labor organizations are protected under federal law from discrimination on the following basis: race , color religion, sex, national origin; disability; age; sex (wages); genetics; and retaliation ( www. eeoc. gov.)Another law to mention that helped many minorities especially African Americans is Affirmative Action. Affirmative Action is a set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination between applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future. Applicants may be seeking admission to an education program or looking for professional employment (Legal Information Institute, 2014). Within these laws no person shall be turned down or turn away due to the color of their skin, gender, religious background, and etc.These laws have provided different races to choose our country to reside in maybe because of these laws, but many people have gotten better employment, able to attend colleges, and etc. Conclusion As long as we are the United States, there will be many different cultures and people in this country. This is what makes our country unique because we accept and enjoy people from different countries making the United States their home for the time being or permanent. However, with opening our doors to different people, also brings their culture with them.Now are we suppose to let them do whatever they want because their past country was acceptance of the practice, â€Å"No†, but this also does not mean we will not try to compromise with the practice by suggesting other methods or working out a solution to assist in resolving the issue. Last but not least, our country needs to make laws to embrace other cultural beliefs by exploring other options if not acceptance by our law in this country. Until then, cultural difference, practice, or religious belief will need to be taken into court, where the courts can make decision on what is acceptable by our law.

Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essays

Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essays Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essay Conventioanl vs Islamic Insurance Essay ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE (TAKAFUL), ITS EVOLUTION, COMPARISON WITH CONVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANCE, AND ROLE OF DAWOO TAKAFUL ( AN INSURANCE COMPANY OFFERING LIFE INSURANC IN PAKISTAN ) FOR TAKAFUL INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN Table of Contents 1. 0 LIFE INSURANCE/CONVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANCE 2 2. 0 ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE2 3. 0 WHY LIFE INSURANCE NECESSARY2 4. 0 COMPARISON BETWEEN COVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANNCE AND ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE 2 4. 1 HOW CONVETIONAL INSURANCE WORKS3 4. 2 DIFFERENTATION OF TAKAFUL FROM CONVENTIONAL INSURANCE 3 4. 3 PRONS AND CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE3 4. 43 4. 4. 1 PRONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANC3 . 4. 2 CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE 4 5. 0 LIFE INSURANCE IN PAKISTAN 4 5. 1 Takaful in Pakistan 4 6. 1 INSIGHT LOOK- A TAKAFUL COMPANY IN PAKISTAN-DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 6. 2 OBJECTIVE OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 6. 2 SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD 5 6. 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL5 7. 0 CONCLUSION5 8. 0 REFERNCES5 1. 0 LIFE INSURANCE/CONVENTIONAL LIFE INS URANCE Life insurance is an undertake between the policy holder and the underwriter, where the insurance firm commitments to pay a selected beneficiary a quantity of money (the benefits) upon the death of the individual person. Looking on the contract, other effects such as period ill health or critical wellness may also trigger payment. In return, the policy bearer agrees to pay a specified amount (the premium) at every day intervals or in lump sums. In many countries, death outgoes such as observances are enclosed in the premium; even so, in the United States the predominated form only defines a lump sum to be paid off the insurer’s death (1). The valuable for the policy owner is the peace of mind in sapient to that the modification of the various persons will not issue in non financial adversity. Life insurance policy are lawful contract bridge and the price of the contract exposit the limits of the someone consequences. Specific exceptions are often written into the contract to end the financial obligation of the insurance firm; common examples are claims connecting putting to death, fake, state of war, rioting and civil commotion. In this era of modern finance too many financial products and services are offered by the banks, building societies and financial corporate and one of them is life insurance. New scenarios are developing with modern techniques of offerings for the potential customers. 2. 0ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE Takaful (Arabic: Al-Takaful) is an Islamic insurance concept which is grounded in Islamic muamalat (Islamic banking), observing the rules and regulations of Islamic law. This concept has been practised in various forms for over 1400 years. (2) A premier goal of Takaful system and its goods is to strike the right play with Muslim customers who may find formal products unacceptable and get them reluctantly. The takaful system of rules and product may be attractive to them. Ibn Abidin (1784-1836) was the basic learner in the Muslim world to talk about the message and lawful fictional character of insurance policy Islamicity of insurance has been below give-and-take since then. Popular opinion regarding lawfulness, approval, and adaptability of insurance are numerous. Newly, even so, a consensus was emergent for conforming insurance in the name of takaful and commonality. As a issue, several Islamic takaful and commonality companies have been accepted since 1979 The Islamic Insurance concept as known as Takaful (an Arabic word meaning â€Å"guaranteeing each otherâ€Å") is a shariah compliance mutual risk transfer arrangement which involves participants and operators. Shariah is based on the Qur’an and Assunah. Takaful as a concept that some extent is similar to conventional mutual risk sharing such as Mutual Insurance and Protection and Indemnity. It is a mutual sharing of risk based on the concept of Taawun (Mutual Protection). Takaful do not allow what is called Gharar (uncertainty or speculation) and Maisir (i. e gambling). In investment or fund management Riba (i. e usury) is also not allowed. These three Gharar, Maisir and Riba are the areas that must be totally avoided by the Takaful operation, and where it differs with the conventional insurance In order to avoid Gharar, there must be a complete clarity or full disclosuer of any Takaful contract. Full disclosure is aplicable on both sides, i. e on both the subject matter and terms of the contract (scope of cover, etc). Its not allowable in to enter into a takaful contract if there is any unknown element on the subject matter and/or unknown exposure to the extent of the contract itself. As this ideal situation is hardly exist, the Takaful contract then need to be made in a way that there is no exchange of Gharar from one party to another. Maisir (gambling) is regarded as the excessive side of the Gharar. Whilst the participants (insured) may have an insurable interest in the subject matter, if the risk transfer (risk sharing in Takaful) contains any speculative element, the it is prohibited under the Takaful. Riba (usury) is totally prohibited under the shariah law and under a Takaful arrangement. In order to avoid the Riba, Takaful treats participants’ contribution to the risk sharing scheme not as a premium in the way conventional insurance does. In Takaful terms it is treated as being a contribution (Mushahamah) in the from of donation with a condition of compensation (Tabarru). Furthermore, the pool of funds secured from those participants’ contributions or donations, must be managed and invested in accordance with the Shariah. In the same way that Gharar and Maisir represent a continous challenge for Takaful operators to ensure that pure Takaful arrangements are free of them, Riba free investment and fund management is also becoming a specialist discipline which requires more in depth elobaration. Whilst risk are nature of human life, it is impossible to eliminate this nature from human life. What is not allowed in Islam is not the risk or uncertainty itself (so it need to be eliminated)- but selling or exchange of risk or risk transfer to the third party using sales/exchange contract that is not allowable. On the other hand helping each other in any situation including in the event misfortune is highly encouraged in Islamic teaching as Allah mentioned in the Qur’an (Holy book of Muslims). 3. 0 WHY LIFE INSURANCE NECESSARY Life insurance is a kind of policy that look for to kind financial provisions to beneficiaries upon the death of a only provider. Even so, some people seek life insurance for a multiplicity of reasons. Most people will want to die with the notion that their family will be well taken care of economically. (3). It could be used for the settlement of debts and other bills, for the academic provisions of your children. Whatever the reason, the ultimate purpose is financial security upon death. 4. 0 COMPARISON BETWEEN COVENTIONAL LIFE INSURANNCE AND ISLAMIC LIFE INSURANCE The term life insurance is the almost basic of insurance policies. It is nothing more than an insurance policy that gives covering for accidental expiry and potentially debilitating harms for a specific period of time. If beneficiaries do not shuffle any claims during the term of much a policy, the policy will atypically expire no-account. Generally, term life insurance is low-budget to buy during the sooner years of life, when the danger of death is comparatively low. Prices rise in accordance of rights with increasing risks and progressive age (4). Comprehensive life insurance falls below a broader concept of policies sometimes have in mind to as cash-value, or permanent, insurance policy. These sorts of insurance policies combine death performances with a savings part or cash amount that is reinvested and levy shelved. The fund portion is collected throughout the living of the policy and can one time be cashed in at many future factor. Because these insurance policy are permanent, any advance ending of the bridge by the policy holder is open to penalties. During the early levels of life, a big part of the premium paid to this policy is path to the savings section. During the later levels of life, when the value of insurance is high, less of the premium is dedicated to the cash part and many to the purchase of policy. 4. 1 HOW CONVETIONAL INSURANCE WORKS For instance, if a 20-year-old adult purchases period insurance, his or her economic value might be $20 per month. With a world-wide policy, the same 20 year old strength pay $100 a month, with $20 of that going toward expiry insurance and the left over $80 going to the savings factor. When the person ranges age 45, term insurance strength cost $50 per period; even so, with universal insurance, the person intent still pay $100 a month, although a take down part of this would go into the savings element (5). 4. 2 DIFFERENTATION OF TAKAFUL FROM CONVENTIONAL INSURANCE There are five elements that must co-exist to establish a proper framework for a Takaful system as compared to conventional life insurance. 1. Sincerety of Intention - for knowingly following the guidance of, and adhering to the rule and purpose of, Takaful - co-operative risk sharing and mutual assistance. 2. Integration of Sharia principles - in particular, risk sharing under Ta’awuni principles, coincidence of ownership, participation in management by policyholders, avoidance of riba (an agreement in which the policyholder expects to receive a predetermined/ fixed amount that is greater than that invested), gambling (referred to as ‘qimar’ or ‘maisir’ in Arabic, which means any activity that involves an arrangement between two or more parties, each of whom undertakes the risk of a loss where a loss for one means a gain for the other), and al Gharar (activities that have elements of uncertainty, ambiguity or deception. In a commercial transaction, it refers to either the uncertainty of the goods or price of goods, or deceiving the buyer on the price of goods), and inclusion of the al Mudharabah (profitsharing arrangements) and/or al Wakalah (agents) principles for management practices (6). 3. Presence of moral value and ethics - whereby business is conducted openly in accordance with utmost good faith, honesty, full disclosure, truthfulness and fairness in all dealing. 4. No unlawful element - that contravenes Sharia and strict adherence to Islamic rules for commercial contract, namely: Parties have legal capacity and are mentally fit n Insurable interest n Principle of indemnity prevails Payment of premium is consideration (offer and acceptance) Mutual consent, which includes voluntary purifi cation Specific time period of policy and underlying agreement. 5. Appointment of a Sharia Advisory Council or Committee - to oversee the development and Islamic auditing of the Takaful operation and to make sure the investments are made in eligible areas that are allowed and approved by the Sharia board (7). . 3 PRONS AND CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE A very common question which bear in mind of the people/potential customers is why Islamic Insurance is benefited as compared to the conventional insurance and what are the main prons and cons of the Islamic insurance as compared to the conventional insurance so lets have a very little crux of this differention:- 4. 4 4. 4. 1 PRONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANC It has become apparent that   Sharia compliant alternatives in the areas of banking and insurance are indeed attractive to consumers, end users, and financial intermediaries. The Middle East played key roles in the development of these services. The principles of Takaful are as follows: Policyholders co-operate among themselves for their common good. Every policyholder pays his subscription to help those that need assistance. Losses are divided and liabilities spread according to the community pooling system. Uncertainty is eliminated in respect of subscription and compensation. It does not derive advantage at the cost of others. Theoretically, Takaful is perceived as cooperative insurance, where members contribute a certain sum of money to a common pool. The purpose of this system is not profits but to uphold the principle of bear ye one another’s burden. Commercial insurance is strictly not allowed for Muslim as agreed upon by most contemporary scholars because it contains the following elements: i) Al-Gharar (Uncertainty) ii) Al-Maisir (Gambling) iii) Riba (Interest) 4. 4. 2 CONS OF ISLAMIC INSURANCE Even though the Takaful ( Islamic Insurance ) has been described as allowed (halal) for Muslims still Muslim finance scholars are not agreed to one convulsion due to the following reasons:- A . Risk Protection (insurance) is against Tawakkul total dependence upon Allah (swt)    No human actions change the Will of Allah (swt) for our destiny. Whether a person has insurance/Takaful or not has no effect on future events. However, we are instructed to take precautions and then fully trust and depend upon Almighty Allah (swt): in Hadith narrated by Anas bin Malik when an Arab Bedouin asked Prophet Muhmmad (PBUH), Shall I leave my camel untied and seek Allahs protection on it, or should I tie it? The Holy Prophet replied, Tie your camel and then depend upon Allah (swt). {as quoted by Sunan Al Tarmizi, 1981,} (8). B. All Risk Protection (insurance) is Haram-prohibited Fiqh Council of World Muslim League (1398/1978) resolution and Fiqh Council of Organization of Islamic Conference (1405/1985) in Jeddah resolved that, .. conventional insurance as presently practiced is Haram. And that, .. cooperative insurance (Takaful) is permissible and fully consistent with Shariah principles. Hence, conventional insurance is prohibited for Muslims because it contains elements of Riba, Al Maisir, and Al Gharar. By contrast, Takaful provides risk protection in accordance with Sharia using principles of Taawun (mutual assistance), brotherhood, piety and ethical operations (9). C. All Insurance is a form of Gambling of Wagering, which is forbidden in Islam   Risk or uncertainty can be divided into: Pure Risk and Speculative Risk. Pure Risk involves the possibility of Loss or No Loss. For example, damage to property due to fire. Pure Risks are the subject of insurance risk protection and Takaful. On the other hand, Speculative Risks involves the possibility of Loss, No Loss or Gain. For example, venturing into a new business, or gambling on horse race. Speculative Risks that include a potential gain or profit cannot be insured. Takaful schemes use the principle of indemnification to compensate for the loss that occurs to a Takaful Participant. Takaful insures only Pure Risks and claims pay in the event of Loss to cover repairs, damage, replacement of property, or an agreed fixed sum. In Takaful Taawuni (assurance), the compensation equals each participants accumulated savings plus investment profit added to a sum covered taken from the Takaful general pool. D. All Insurance seeks to maximize profits which takes benefits away from policyholders    Most conventional insurance companies are stock companies that seek to maximize profits. Since the interests of shareholders conflicts with policyholders, by raising prices, denying claims, etc. these insurers can boost profits for shareholders. Takaful operators, by contrast, are mutual or cooperative entities. The goal of Takaful is community well-being and self-sustaining operations not high profits. Under the Takaful Mudarabah Model, surplus (or profits) is shared fairly between shareholders and policyholders. Under the Takaful Wakalah Model, surplus is owned by the policyholders and may be reduced by a performance fee incentive for the operator before distribution to the policyholders. 5. 0 LIFE INSURANCE IN PAKISTAN Pakistan is in the operation of remould its economy to meet the inquires of a international sales outlet. The government has inserted a range of efforts designed to support and consolidate Pakistan’s point as an emergent market in the region. The modifications have issued in a deregulated and modified financial sector sales outlet. Pakistans life insurance body, nationalised in 1972, operated under the aegis of the State Life Insurance Corp. and Communicating Life Insurance until 1992, when the governing opened it to private sector involvement. International companies are no individual barred from the life policy business, but they are classified to minority relation. Private companies purpose in nonlife insurance regions, but the governing insurance business is contained by the International Insurance Corp. One of the states first track was to standardise and bring down insurance premium rates and to encourage insurance coverage among a wider section of the population. In 2001, there was US$$168 million of life insurance in writing Pakistan. Although storage of rates is no someone required, there are, even so, separate environment in the Ordinance on Marketplace Behavior Intermediaries which lay behind the works/responsibilities of Direct Insurance policy Companies and of Negotiant. The changes in the regulative environment in Pakistan are in form with those in the International classes. Compliance with regulations is becoming exceedingly important. 5. 1 Takaful in Pakistan The takaful market is silent in a formative level and market projections figuring growing rates between 15% and 20% all over the next 10 years, reaching US$7. 4 billion in economic value by 2015. With demands around customer divine service and productiveness, technology can modify this growing industry through its shaping level. Pakistan is among the best 10 most populous states in the world. This kinds t a very conceptive marketplace for Takaful, one with few interesting inquires. Takaful is the modish â€Å"movement† in business security. Pakistan saw its basic Takaful function, in the Generic part, start in 2006. India, a much larger neighbour, has an insurance penetration of 4. 8%, against Pakistan’s 0. 8%, and its policy density is US$38. 40, against Pakistan’s US$5. 90. These values sort it very clear that there exists a significant space in Pakistan for business securit y tools. As we know, achieving hopefuls is not as simple as formulating them. As a sample Islamic Insuranc Company, Dawood Takaful Family has been chosen for analysis. 6. 1 INSIGHT LOOK- A TAKAFUL COMPANY IN PAKISTAN-DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL Dawood Family Takaful Limited is a member company of the renowned First Dawood Group (FDG) of Companies, Pakistan. FDG belongs to the famous Dawood Family of Bantwa, Gujrat, India, which has remained instrumental in the economic development of Pakistan ever since its independence. Dawood Family Takaful Limited is amongst the pioneers in the field of Family Takaful business in Pakistan. Family Takaful (or Islamic Life Insurance) is a relatively new phenomenon in Pakistan which is regulated by Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. The Company has a vision to be the preferred provider of Islamic financial protection services in Pakistan. 6. 2 OBJECTIVE OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL The Dawood Family Takaful is playing a vital role in Islamic Insurance in Pakistan. They describes their objectives as:- â€Å"We aim to provide these services based on Islamic values. We strive to help our valued customers/partners by establishing savings and protection funds with a view to provide comfort for their loved ones. The pro-active measures ensure them security and certainty as it provides monetary relief in the event of misfortune, and creates the habit of saving amongst our customers/partners. This, we believe, underlines the importance of our mission. † As a member of First Dawood Group of Companies, Dawood Family Takaful Limited is strongly capitalized with paid-up capital of PKR 750 million to ensure our ability to meet the promises to our customers timely, and to offer assurance of reliability to our business partners. Under the leadership of a highly respectable competent and experienced management team, the Company is set to pursue its mission vigorously, both domestically and in the international Islamic market as opportunities arise. â€Å"In view to remain competitive, we will continue to introduce innovative and market based customer-centric Family Takaful products that would feature distinctly from other protection plans available in the market. We aim to be the leader in setting new service standards notably in the area of claims management, as well as building long-term customer/ partner loyalty. â€Å" 6. 2 SHARIAH SUPERVISORY BOARD This is the most integral department of any Takaful Company as it is responsible for giving approval for the launch of any new product, scheme or structuring/participating in any transaction in terms of it being in the scope and parameters of Islamic Principles. The Shariah Advisors consist of eminent Islamic economic and financial scholars. The Shariah Advisors will advise the management company on matters relating to Shariah Compliance and recommend general investment guidelines, consistent with the Shariah. Any verdict issued by the Shariah Advisors in relation to any Shariah related matter would be final and acceptable by the Trustee, the management company and other parties related with the matter. 6. 3 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DAWOOD FAMILY TAKAFUL Annual Report 2010 Fund Performance Reports April 30, March 31, and February 2011 are attached as are attached as Appendices. The Dawood Family Takafuls accounts shows its performance abourt groth individial Takaful 4 times increase (Rs 197,035,755 for the year 2010 and Rs 44,416,618 for the year 2009) as annulized contribution and growth in Group Takaful 3 times ( Rs 34,568,663 for the year 2010 and Rs 31,488,391 for the year 2009). The ocmpany earned Gross Income of Rs 232 million in the year 2010 which was 3 times higher than regular earned in 2009, which was Rs 6 million which expresses the contribution of Dawood Takaful Family for selling and marketing of Islamic insurance secor of Pakistan. The compay has weighted average of no of shares 57,000,000. The Profit and Loss Statement for the ended year 31stDec, 2010 shwos that the company is in loss after tax with the amount of Rs 65,561,188. Even though the company is playing vital role with its utmost maximum contribution to support islamic insurance as a financial product in Pakistan. The detailed reports are attached as Appendices 7. 0 CONCLUSION From the above discussion and analysis it is evident that Islamic Insurance ( Takaful ) is playig its prominent role at par with the conventional life insurance. From its name it is apparent that it is deemed to be for non muslims but in fact it is only a talilored fincncial product for the targeted segment of muslim customers whereas facts are there that non muslims are also practically buying this product due to its financial coparison with the conventional life insurance. Criticism is still three in Muslim world where muslims are reluctant to accept it as a perfectly Halal ( non-prohibited ) product but if the muslims have already accepted the conventioanl banking so it is not a big issue infact. The one thing is encouraging that its develpment pace is very slow but with the laps of time it is getting in popularity all over the world and UK where Principle Insurance Company was regulated by the Financial Services Authority in 2008. 8. 0 REFERNCES 1ME Waari, (1965), uncertain life time, life insurance , and the theory of the consumer,JSTOR (P39-40). 2LA Crosby, (1987), effects of relationship marketing on satisfation, retention, and pricies in the life insurance (P231). 3HU gerber, (1997) life insurance mathematics 3rd , Springer verlag(P52). REJDA George E, ( 2002), priciple of riskmanagement and insurance 8th edition(P79). 5Black, Kenneth, (200), life and health insurance(P89) 6 M Kabir Hassan and Muvyn K lewis, (2007), hanc book of islamic banking Edward Elgary publishing limited UK(P218). 7Simon archer, Rifaat Ahmad Adbel Karim,(2009) takaful islamic insurance : Concepts and regulatory issues W H Smith(P39) 8ALY Khorshid, (2004), islamic insurance :a mordern approch to isl amic banking W H Smith(P147). 9Mahmound A,(2006) islamic finnance : law economic and parctice Cambridge university press(P89).

15 Hilarious Pranks to Pull on College Friends

15 Hilarious Pranks to Pull on College Friends Oh Lord, there are so many hilarious pranks to pull on college friends. Listen, if you’re looking for prank ideas and don’t want to get sucked into hours of prank videos, this article is for you. Here are 15 that you can always count on, as long as they go off without a hitch and are executed safely. #1 Tape the Contents of Their Trash to Their Door Make a statement. You can find out a fair amount about a person by exposing their trash. Go into their room, especially if they’re super-messy and tape everything (within reason of course) that’s trash onto their door and let them know it’s time to clean up! #2 Fill Their Dorm Room with Popcorn This is a cheap and easy trick. Making it goes really quick and you can easily fill an entire dorm room with only about 8 or 9 bags which cost maybe $2 each. Transporting it is easy as well†¦.industrial-sized trash bags. The trick is that ideally you should be able to leave the room through the window so you can make the popcorn 5 feet tall (or more)! #3 Put a Dead Thing in Their Cereal No, not a real dead thing, but a realistic looking one. It’s not over-the-top but it works (especially on girls) you could either big a furry spider in there of substantial size, a small snake, or perhaps even a rate. #4 Change Their Computer Log-In Sounds This is truly legendary. If you can get their log in information, or get into the computer while they’re away change the log-in sound to something crazy. Anything from a full-on gun fight to a ground shaking explosion with screams of terror. Then, turn their sound system up super-loud (not so loud you blow speakers) so that the next time they expect to hear some pleasant sound suddenly they’re under siege and could potential crap themselves. #5 The Almighty Soda Bomb Mentos are pretty old. But, what you do is put a tiny hole through one, latch it onto a string and then drop it into a big bottle of soda and close the cap tightly. Simply put it back in the fridge and wait. The next person who opens that will be bombarded with fizz and syrup unlike anything they’ve ever experienced before. #6 Butter Tiles Again, cheap and easy but effective. If you have any tiles, butter them up and then wait because regardless of what kind cleats someone may be wearing they’re going to end up on their butt. Really good for roommates or college friends with hard wood floors. # 7 Completely Cover them in Flour While they Sleep Don’t pour it on so they wake up. No, instead grab like 10 bags of flour (that’s a pretty hefty clean up job remember) and slowly stealth fully cover your college buddy while they sleep. Flour is actually quite comfortable. #8 Early Alarm + Flattened Tires They’re the type of person that jet’s out of bed last minute, scrambles onto their bikes and heads off to class. Okay, so set the alarm an hour ahead of schedule (and any other clocks in the room along with it) and then flatten the tires so they think they’re going to be late. #9 Put a Fake Person In their Bed Get a realistic looking mannequin and sneak them into bed next to someone. Making the mannequin’s face scary is a bonus. They could wake up in the night screaming, or they could wake up in the morning to an unexpected stranger. Hilarious. #10 Opposite Side Switch This one doesn’t make a mess, it’s free and it’s funny. While they’re away at class sneak into their room and switch everything to the opposite side so it’s a perfect match. Then, when they bring it to your attention, seriously act as if they’re nuts and it’s been that way the whole time. If you can hold your composure it will play an epic mind prank on them. #11 Early Morning Shower Prank Simply sneak into the dorm shower while they’re getting ready for another day of collegiate labor and steal their towel and clothes so they will have no other option but to grab the shower curtain. However, this may not occur to them for some time. #12-   Shaving Cream Floor Cover the floor, completely, in fragrant shaving cream. Super cheap, and not as hard to clean up. #13 Wrapping Paper Room Grab some festive wrapping paper and thoroughly set about wrapping their entire room in it. Even if it takes 10 rolls, that’s probably only $20 to do a full single dorm room. #14 Pubic Hair + Superglue Seriously, if they have a problem cleaning up their pubes, then (with gloves on) grab a bunch of the stuff and super clue it to something that’s valuable enough to them that they’ll get the point. #15 Wake Up in Unexpected Places If they’re a heavy sleeper or utterly passed out, have them wake up in a strange place. This is so awesome when pulled off correctly. We had to boil it down to these because there are hundreds of pranks out there. But, with a little creativity you could come up with just about anything. Check out even more cruel but funny roommate pranks! How about it gang, what kinds of pranks have you played on college friends that they’ll never forget?

Directly and completely answer the following questions. Include Essay

Directly and completely answer the following questions. Include specific examples from the story in your answer, and if you use secondary sources, be sure to include the correct documentation - Essay Example It forces him to value and prize personal closeness of life at home and the willingness of enduring hardship because of his beliefs. Even though he is afraid, the narrator makes a decision of going back home so that he can reclaim his identity, an identity he lost at the time he left his home. In his attitude towards civilization, it is apparent that the narrator is rejecting the white dominated civilization. It is entirely because of the personal, unhurried, aesthetic, and the passive values of his home, in combination with the profound sense of identification with the home environment as a physical place. It is clear that the narrator feels he does not fit the white society since he is a Native American. It is through this discontent with the present environment combined with his present place in society that creates the conflict of his attitudes. In the story, the major antagonist is the set of values created by the white culture, while another antagonist may include a cold weather and the sadistic threat of Denver Bob. The statement means that the narrator is alone, but not so lonely as compared to when he was back at school. Even though he might still be lonely, he is not as lonely as compared to the time he was at school. The quote comes at a time when the narrator was nearing the end of his journey (Tarver et al. 57). As he is walking along the train tracks that are leading him back home, he recognizes how lonely he was. The loneliness bases on the sense of being separated from the beliefs, the people, and the attitudes of his Indian upbringing while he was at school. Now that he is walking by himself, alone, but he is no longer lonely. In this essence, the author has no physical companion, but the world of animals and plants help keep him company as he is finishing his return home. Blue winds refer to the society

Disscuss the relevance of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to a Essay - 2

Disscuss the relevance of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to a company seeking to evaluate its cost of capital - Essay Example (Burton, 1998) The CAPM had its origin from the model of portfolio choice developed by Harry Markowitz. In the model, an investor is assumed to decide on the investment portfolio at time t-1 with an expected return at time t. Since the investors are assumed to be risk averse, the data that they care about are the mean and the variance of their one period investment return. â€Å"As a result, investors choose â€Å"mean-variance-efficient† portfolios, in the sense that the portfolios: 1) minimize the variance of portfolio return, given expected return, and 2) maximize expected return, given variance. Thus, the Markowitz approach is often called a â€Å"mean-variance model† (Eugene F. Fama). This figure gives a clear picture of the CAPM. Its horizontal axis shows the portfolio risk which is measure by the standard deviation of portfolio return. Its vertical axis is the expected return. The curve is the minimum variance frontier which â€Å"traces the combination of expected return and variance at different levels of expected return† (Eugene F. Fama). This shows the obvious trade-off between risk and expected return. â€Å"At point T, the investor can have an intermediate expected return with lower volatility. If there is no risk free borrowing or lending, only portfolios above b along abc are mean-variance-efficient, since these portfolios also maximize expected return, given their return variances† (Eugene F. Fama). EM applications. (2009). Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Emapplications.com. Available from; [November 16,

Managerial Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managerial Economics - Research Paper Example Designers split their focus in making the current designs for their clients while having time to produce designs for the upcoming promotional activities for the new packages. It was found out that the current plan of making new design packages may push the company to many opportunity costs. Alternatives may be needed, such as getting talented workers from developing countries through freelance sites to finish the project while continuing the planned release of new packages. Application of Managerial Economics Executive Summary The company named Graphic Design Works specializes in graphic design as a product for other companies like small businesses and startup companies. The management comes to a point where it needs to decide to add new packages that may increase the profits of the company. In addition, the decision-making body plans to expand the ventures of the company towards software development, networking and business process outsourcing. It means the company may hire new work ers when it expands its business operations. For the company to expand, it requires huge amount of capital; the profits from the new packages may help in this if ever the launching and sales will be successful. The expansion may commence once the target profit is hit through the campaigns and promotions to popularize the new design packages for the clients to enjoy. The packages include various custom designs for merchandise, emails, webpage, logo and stationery with corresponding number of designs. Campaigns will be implemented through postings in the official website of Graphic Design Works, massive email advertising, article postings on web magazines, free ad postings, producing television commercials and radio announcements, post mail advertising, visiting corporate offices and phoning the potential customers. The company thinks of continuing the new packages to be offered to their past and present clients and even expand their market via promotions using traditional media with some touch of online advertising. Traditional media like newspapers, radio and television have already solid set of viewers that the company may tap to produce sales for their new packages. On the other hand, the internet allows any business to save while reaching global audience but with less developed tactics and strategies as of the moment. The potential of the internet shows that more people can start their business with low capital and target a wider market. In addition, companies can hire employees from overseas entirely online which saves them from spending too much on manpower. Graphic Design Works looks at the conditions as opportunities since more startup businesses mean more potential clients to convince which may lead to more sales and profit for the company. Other than that, the company also plans to target ordinary people without businesses by offering them design packages for parties or personal messages. Traditional media also become big opportunities for the company as more people are acquainted to view them since they are already part of the culture unlike the internet which still experiences many developments to cope up with the traditional media. When it comes to production decision, Graphic Design Works does not worry about the needed materials and equipment to create the packages. Computers, software and professional graphic designers are the ones needed for the job. Since computers become cheaper

Design of Condition Monitoring (CM) system of a Case Study

Design of Condition Monitoring (CM) system of a Case Study Term / Abbreviation Definition CBW Continuous Batch Washer CM Condition Monitoring DIN Deutsches Institut fur Normung (German Institute for Standardization) FFT Fast Fourier Transform FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy IR Infra-Red OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer P-F Potential to Functional Failure PM Preventive Maintenance SGS Spring Grove Services TAN Total Acid Number TBN Total Base Number TWF Time Wave Form WDA Wear Debris Analysis Spring Grove Services has decided to embark on a Condition Monitoring approach for the maintenance of its most critical equipment. Criticality was established by carrying out a study on the main Utilities and Process systems/machinery. This report includes data and images from a Thermography study, carried out at SGS, as this type of CM has already commenced. The findings identified in this exercise have highlighted potential points of failure in the Novopac shrink-wrap lines. Lubrication and Vibration Analysis studies have yet to commence so will be considered from a look-ahead perspective. The areas of focus here are the 18 Stage CBW and the Kaeser air compressor respectively. There will be predictions and estimates made on possible findings and required follow-up actions. The report undertaken here confirms to the author the necessity of introducing CM for equipment that is central to the successful running of the SGS plant in Cork. Spring Grove Services is one of Irelands leading laundry rental service providers. SGS has four major processing sites in Ireland. The business model functions by supplying linen to customers on a rental basis. This is then collected after use and cleaned before re-supply. Clients are supplied from a pool stock i.e. linen is not specific to any one client. The plant in Cork, which is featured in our case study, processes on average 330,000kgs of linen per week which equates to approximately 660,000 individual pieces. Run hours are 85 per week. Its customers include Irelands biggest hotels and hospitals. There is a real time aspect to this industry in the sense that linen processed today may well be used in a hotel or hospital tonight. This same linen will probably have only arrived in the laundry this morning in a soiled state. Lengthy batch release times due to quality inspections do not feature as they would in the pharmaceutical and healthcare products industries. This does not mean that there are poor quality standards, it just means that there is a minimum of time to ascertain them. This super-lean model requires maximum availability of plant equipment so effective maintenance is paramount. The operating context is also a factor in the maintenance strategy: equipment with many moving parts operating in a hot, humid and/or dusty environment. Preventive and Corrective Maintenance has historically been accepted practice with SGS but Condition Monitoring is coming more to the forefront for the most critical equipment. SGS is part of the European wide Berendsen group. The first step in the Condition Monitoring journey was to identify the most critical equipment. This would naturally become the focus of CM. Appendices A and B illustrate how Utilities and Process systems interact at SGS. Appendix C explains in detail, using a Criticality Scoring Scheme (Wheelhouse, 2014), how the results in Figure 1 were attained. Figure 1: SGS Criticality Curve Figure 1 trends criticality for the various Utilities and Process systems/equipment in Spring Grove Services. From Figure 1, we can deduce that the most critical assets are the CBWs, the Plastic Wrappers and the air Compressor. On further analysing the failure modes associated with this equipment, we can decide on where the exact focus of CM will be: 18 Stage CBW: This machine is the work horse of the Wash House as it alone processes 50% of the linen. Its most critical piece of equipment is the drive motor/gearbox assembly. We will apply Lubrication Analysis to the gearbox. Plastic Wrappers: These pieces of equipment form the final stage of the laundering process. Failure here creates a severe bottleneck. We will apply Thermographic Analysis to the electrical control panels. Air Compressor: If the compressor stops, production stops as there is no redundancy available. We will apply Vibration Analysis to the bearings as they are overdue replacement according to Original Equipment Manufacturer specification. 3.1 Equipment Description Figure 2: Lenze GST Geared Motor (Source: Geared Motor Spares) Figure 2 shows the type of geared motor used to drive the 18 Stage CBW (Geared Motor Spares). Lenze GST Helical Gearbox Power: 18.5kW Speed: 331rpm Torque: 518Nm Ratio: 4.457:1 Product Code: GST09-2MVBR180C12 Oil manufacture/type: Shell Omala S4 GX 320 Quantity of oil: 4.8 litres 3.2 Testing Overview The main purpose of carrying out lubrication analysis on this gearbox is to determine its health. The health of the lubricating oil itself is of secondary importance to SGS as it is a relatively inexpensive and easy task to replace. Because of these considerations our findings on Wear Debris Analysis (particle count) and Content Analysis will be used to make an overall estimation of system health. Where possible analysis performed through In-line or On-line methods is often preferable. However in this instance, neither of these options is possible so Off-line sampling will have to suffice. Off-line analysis does however provide increased scope for evaluating a greater variety of debris (Pruftechnik, 2002). Figure 3: GST gearbox lubrication service points (Source: Geared Motor Spares)    Figure 3 illustrates the various lubrication service points on a Lenze GST type gearbox (Geared Motor Spares). To take an oil sample, we will employ the following procedure: Ensure that the gearbox/oil is at normal operating temperature. It is not safe to take a sample while the gearbox is in operation due to the proximity of hazardous moving parts. We will therefore instead stop the machine and take a sample as soon as the drive motor is safely isolated. 100ml will be extracted using a Vampire Pump and entering the gearbox through the Breathing/oil filler plug as displayed in Figure 3. This method of extraction is known as the Drop Tube Sampling Method. Figure 4: Drop Tube Sampling Method (Source: Zidoune) Figure 4 shows a Vampire Pump extracting oil using the Drop Tube Sampling Method (Zidoune). Precautions when sampling: Record time, date and operating conditions. Oil must be at operating temperature. Ensure clean bottles and new tubing are used. Take oil from middle of gearbox i.e. not too close to the bottom. A turbulent zone is best. Samples should be sent for laboratory testing without delay. Poor sampling = poor results = poor decisions (Zidoune, 2013). 3.3 Test Findings Visual Inspection This can be performed by onsite staff prior to laboratory analysis and observations will be aimed at the following: Foaming an indication of contamination, passage through restricted openings or excessive churning. Emulsion water has entered the gearbox. Darkening oxidation has occurred or oil has been exposed to excessive heat. Laboratory Analysis On receiving laboratory results, we will consider the following factors in estimating the health of the gearbox: FTIR This provides information about oil chemistry and particulates. It can also determine if there has been a decrease in desirable content such as corrosion inhibitors. Viscosity This can tell us much about the lubricants condition. It can also give us an insight into system health when considered alongside factors such as detergency and dilution. Metal Concentration This is a key health indicator. The presence of certain metals can point towards the defect location e.g. Lead and Tin detected in large amounts indicates wear of a white metal bearing. TAN/TBN Acid number determines amount of oxidation present in the oil. Base number is an indication of the capacity to neutralise acids. Fault Level Settings Gearbox or oil manufacturers should be consulted, however setting useful alarm limits can be subjective as there are many variables in the operating context that it is not possible to account for in their specifications. Alarm limits are best set by initially estimating, based on specifications, and then gathering data over a period of time to tune the initial estimates. This will help reduce both false triggers and potential failures. As there are three CBWs in the wash house with identical drive systems, there is a likelihood that a gearbox will be fully overhauled in the not too distant future. We could use this opportunity to get data from perfectly healthy system i.e. a reconditioned gearbox with new oil. ISO Coding Sample Standard Cleanliness Target for an Industrial Gearbox: ISO 17/15/12 (Angeles, 2003) Table 2 Table 2 contains hypotethical data that we would expect to see in an oil sample taken from a healty gearbox. Using ISO 4406 methods with this data would give us a code of 17/15/12. 3.4 Conclusion Trending It is imperative that a trend is developed from the successive analysis exercises. This will result in a graph curve which displays system health and allow for a timely maintenance intervention when required. Recommended sampling frequency Care must be taken here as 100ml test amounts will render the gearbox empty of oil after 48 samples. Topping up the gearbox after each sample is not recommended as introducing new oil dilutes the existing content and thus distorts WDA data. Current oil replacement interval is every 4 years. Initial sampling frequency will be every 6 months with the gearbox oil level topped up every 12 months. Quick wins Spurlock (n.d.) states that one of the most common points of ingress for contamination in a gearbox is the OEM breather. It is recommended that an aftermarket breather be used instead. 4.1 Equipment Description Figure 5: Novopac ANL 090 Wrapper (Source: Bidspotter) Figure 6: Novopac BM2009 Heat Shrinking Oven (Source: Bidspotter) Figures 5 and 6 show examples of the Novopac Wrapper and Heat Shrinking Oven used in SGS (Bidspotter). Novopac ANL 090 Wrapper and BM2009 Heat Shrinking Oven (both function as a combined unit). Power: 41kW. Output per min.: 8/16 packs. 4.2 Testing Overview It was decided that SGS would purchase a thermographic camera and have one of the maintenance technicians trained in its operation. The supervisor consulted with the technician immediately after the study was completed and again when the full report was completed. 4.3 Test Findings There were two areas that were cause for concern: the three phase power supply connection and the DIN rail mounted contactors. Three Phase Power Supply Connection Figure 7: IR image Figure 8: Standard image Table 3 Figures 7 and 8 show both an IR and a standard image of the three phase connection block. Table 3 lists the data recorded by the camera in this instance. Action taken: The hot spot found in Figure 7 was found to be a loose connection on the DIN rail connection block. Tightening the same connector resolved the issue. DIN Rail Mounted Contactors Figure 9: IR image Figure 10: Standard image Table 4 Figures 9 and 10 show both an IR and a standard image of the DIN rail mounted contactors. Table 4 lists the data recorded by the camera in this instance. Action taken: Figure 9 indicates that there is a temperature build up between the contactors. On consulting previous reports, it was found that the temperature readings were similar during the last thermographic study. At this point the contactors were actually located closer together. A recommendation was made at that time to space out the contactors to allow for extra cooling. However this has made no difference but since there has not been deterioration in the state of the contactors, SGS has decided not to take any further action at present. 4.4 Conclusion The overall conclusion is that, beyond the tightening of the loose connection, there is no serious action required regarding repairs. However SGS has realised that there are shortcomings in the testing procedures which are mainly down to the technician not being trained to the proper standard. Listed below are the observations and recommendations relating to this viewpoint: The approach being applied is a Qualitative one which is sufficient for identifying the presence of a fault. It is also effective as a comparative technique. A Qualitative approach measures the Blackbody Apparent Temperature. Neither reflected/transmitted radiation nor emissivity has been accounted for. To get a true temperature reading, a Quantitative approach would be required. This will not only identify the presence of a fault but also its severity. Reflected/transmitted radiation is accounted for by entering the ambient temperature in the IR Camera. This can be done using pre-measured or estimated values. A correct entry here would provide the Blackbody temperature. Emissivity can be accounted for by entering a pre-measured or library values. A correct entry here, combined with accounting for the reflected/transmitted radiation, would provide the actual temperature. 5.1 Equipment Description Figure 11: Kaeser CS76 (Source: Synairgies) Figure 11 shows the type of Kaeser air compressor used in SGS (Synairgies). Kaeser CS76. Type: Rotary screw wet. Power: 45kW. Motor speed: 3000rpm. Mains frequency: 50Hz. Pressure: 7.5bar. Year of manufacture: 2004. Total running hours: 53563. On-load running hours: 42789. Recommended frequency for bearings replacement: 35000 hours this activity has yet to be completed. 5.2 Testing Overview The most likely cause of a screw compressor to fail is its bearings (KCF Technologies, n.d.). Accelerometer Locations For our Kaeser machine, we will apply vibration monitoring at the radial bearing positions of both the motor and compressor. This area will get a particular focus because OEM specifications suggest the bearings should have already been replaced. SGS is hoping that vibration analysis will give a true indicator of bearing condition and thus inform of the optimum time for bearing change-out. Figure 12: Sensor locations (Source: KCF Technologies) Figure 12 shows typical mounting positions, in yellow, for sensors to measure vibration at motor and compressor radial bearings (KCF Technologies). Mounting technique Accelerometers will be stud mounted to help ensure the most accurate readings. Accelerometer selection and equipment set-up Frequencies associated with bearings usually occur in the 1 to 5 kHz range. For this application an accelerometer with 25 kHz natural frequency is required. Sampling frequency (fs) = 2.56 x 5000 = 12800 Hz. For Fast Fourier Transform Spectrum Analysis, to achieve a frequency resolution of less than 1Hz: df = fs/N à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1 N is the number of data points. N = 2^14 = 16,384 fs/N = 0.78125 Crest Factor or Kurtosis on Time Wave Form Acceleration signal can be employed to assist with diagnosis. Velocity and Acceleration will be the main focus for FFT. 5.3 Test Findings TWF and FFT For fault diagnosis, we will refer to TWF and FFT graphs. Figure 13: TWF and FFT (Source: Sinha) Figure 13 displays vibration acceleration measurement for a ball bearing in the initial fault stage (Sinha). Vibration Alarm and Fault level examples Table 5 (Source: Zargar) Table 5 lists vibration limits for a similar size and specification to the Kaeser CS76 (Zargar). 5.4 Conclusion A successful vibration monitoring program can be most difficult to attain for screw compressors. This is because of the high frequencies associated with the bearings, gearbox, male and female rotors. The associated noise pollution of the compressor can cause additional monitoring problems (Zargar, 2013). For the Kaeser compressor, there is a risk that bearing wear is present because of the hours run by the machine. However we cannot draw a firm conclusion on this until we develop a trend based on several sets of analysis data. The ultimate goal is to capture the point at which the bearings begin to deteriorate and from there successfully monitor the P-F interval. This will enable a well-judged maintenance intervention. CM want to have: If sufficient finance was available, a great option would be to invest in an Online monitoring system and have data fed back to a central PC. The software package could then issue periodic reports as well as alarm condition notifications. It is clear, I believe, from this report that embarking on a Conditioning Monitoring programme would bring great benefit to SGS. As well as the immediate gains to be made on the above equipment, the following should also result as pleasant side effects: An awareness will have developed among the key stakeholders of the advantages of CM over other types of maintenance. Technical staff will have an opportunity to upskill in either carrying out CM activities such as the Thermography study or be involved in interpreting results from Lubrication and Vibration analysis. There will be a willingness to roll out CM to other pieces of equipment. Thermography is an obvious contender as the equipment is already purchased. Downtime in the Wash House should be reduced as potential failures in the 18 Stage CBW drive gearbox will be identified before descending into functional failures. Again, as soon as this benefit is realised, this approach should carry across to other equipment. The criticality study which underpins the CM strategy will help focus technical resources on the most important equipment to the business. The expected success of the programme in the Cork plant should result in adoption of CM across the other sites in Ireland as there has always been close cooperation in terms of maintenance practices and parts sourcing. There will be an opportunity for the maintenance department to come to the forefront of the company when reporting the expected good news stories to emerge from adopting this new maintenance approach. Continuous improvement will organically develop from CM and bring kudos to the maintenance team. The general non-contact nature of CM will enhance safe working practices. The non-intrusive nature of CM will result in less equipment stoppages and reduced maintenance induced failures. The maintenance team will be encouraged to work more closely with equipment and components suppliers. This will help better inform future selection of machinery. It should be the beginning of a new maintenance culture across the organisation. Angeles, R. (2003). Tables on Oil Analysis. [Online]. Available from http://www.rsareliability.com/Oil%20Analysis%20Tables.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2016]. Bidspotter (n.d.). Impianti Novo Pac heat shrink-wrap tunnel.[Online]. Available from https://www.bidspotter.co.uk/en-gb/auction-catalogues/es-group/catalogue-id-ed10487/lot-85e81420-d4ca-4279-8ccd-a64400d6ecc2 [Accessed 08 November 2016]. Geared Motor Spares (n.d.). Lenze GST Geared Motors.[Online]. Available from http://www.gearedmotorspares-lenzegst.co.uk/lenze-gst-gearbox-products/lenze-185kw/lenze-185kw-277rpm/lenze-gst-geared-motor-185kw-277rpm-619nm-c-16/ [Accessed 08 November 2016]. Geared Motor Spares (n.d.). L-force Geared Motors.[Online]. Available from http://www.gearedmotorspares-lenzegst.co.uk/media/1001/gst-gfl-gks-gkl-gkr-gss-operating-instructions.pdf [Accessed 11 November 2016]. KCF Technologies (n.d.). Vibration Monitoring of Compressors. [Online]. Available from https://kcftech.com/smartdiagnostics/resources/application%20briefs/Application%20White%20Paper%20Compressors%20web.pdf [Accessed 16 November 2016]. Pruftechnik (2002). An Engineers Guide to Shaft Alignment, Vibration Analysis, Dynamic Balancing Wear Debris Analysis. [Online]. Available from http://www.pruftechnik.com/fileadmin/pt/Downloads/Brochures-Flyers_SPECIAL/Engineers_Guide_ALI_CM/EngineersGuide2012.pdf [Accessed 13 November 2016]. Sinha, J. (2016). PG Course in Reliability Engineering and Asset Management, Unit M04: Condition Monitoring. School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering. University of Manchester. Spurlock, M. (n.d.). Reducing Gearbox Oil Contamination Levels. [Online]. Available from http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28393/gearbox-oil-contamination [Accessed 11 November 2016]. Synairgies (n.d.).Synairgies Compresseurs Doccasion.[Online]. Available from http://www.synairgies.com/pl/Air/Spr%C4%99%C5%BCarki-%C5%9Brubowe-smarowane/Kaeser/Kaeser-CS-CSD-CSDX/Kaeser-CS76-45kW-Ref12115.html [Accessed 08 November 2016]. Zargar, O. A. (2013). Hydraulic Unbalance in Oil Injected Twin Rotary Screw Compressor Vibration Analysis. [Online]. Available from http://waset.org/publications/9997612/hydraulic-unbalance-in-oil-injected-twin-rotary-screw-compressor-vibration-analysis-a-case-history-related-to-iran-oil-industries- [Accessed 17 November 2016]. Zidoune, M. (2013). Lubricants Handling and Analysis. [Online]. Available from http://www.slideshare.net/marcpalud/tribologik-lubricant-handling-and-analysis-presentation [Accessed 11 November 2016]. Wheelhouse, P. (2014). Exercise 3_5 Criticality, Unit M01: Asset Management Maintenance Strategy. School of Mechanical Aerospace and Civil Engineering. University of Manchester. 8.1 Appendix A Figure 14: SGS Utilities Systems Figure 14 shows the systems which form Utilities at SGS. 8.2 Appendix B Figure 15: SGS Process System/Equipment Figure 15 shows a high level view of process systems and equipment at SGS. 8.3 Appendix C Criticality Scoring Scheme(Wheelhouse, 2014) The plant has decided on a criticality scoring scheme which consists of four different factors which will be multiplied together to give an overall score for equipment criticality. These factors are: Redundancy, Failure Likelihood, Failure Duration Financial Impact. A scoring scheme has been devised for each factor as follows: Redundancy = Number of units required / Number of units available Likelihood KeywordEvents per YearScore Never00 Very unlikely Unlikely 0.2 0.6 2 Probable 1.0 1.5 3 Almost certain >24 Duration KeywordScore Hours1 Days2 Weeks3 Months4 Financial Impact KeywordScore Repair cost only1 Additional cost penalty2 Potential loss of sales3 Immediate loss of sales4 Table 6 lists equipment criticalities as calculated at SGS. References Angeles, R. (2003). Tables on Oil Analysis. [Online]. Available from http://www.rsareliability.com/Oil%20Analysis%20Tables.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2016]. British Standards Institution (1999). BS ISO4406:1999. Hydraulic fluid power Fluids Method for coding the level of contamination by solid particles. Published under the authority of the Standards Committee. Felten, D. (2003). Understanding Bearing Vibration Frequencies. [Online]. Available from http://electromotores.com/PDF/InfoT%C3%A9cnica/EASA/Understanding%20Bearing%20Vibration%20Frequencies.pdf [Accessed 16 November 2016]. Geared Motor Spares (n.d.). L-force Geared Motors.[Online]. Available from http://www.gearedmotorspares-lenzegst.co